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明清紫禁城内如何度寒冬? 紫禁城重要宫殿有“地暖”
第二个寒冷期相当西汉末年到隋初。在第二个寒冷期内,三国时期的吴国,太平年间的初夏时节,竟然出现雷暴雨后下大雪的奇怪气象。
唐昭宗李晔的天复元年(901年),是个大灾年,先是夏秋之交“久雨”,入冬以后就开始下雪,雨和雪一直下到第二年春天也未停止,史书称“自冬至春雨雪不止。”在这样极端天气下,老百姓冻死、饿死者无数,在当时的京城长安,十一月便“城中薪食俱尽”,“民冻饿死者日以千数”。
两宋时期,是第三个寒冷期。北宋第二位皇帝、宋太宗赵光义主政22年,有5个年头发生雪灾。
宋哲宗赵煦当皇帝的元祐二年(1087年),京师(今河南开封)入冬以后天天下雪,至春不止,导致“苦寒,民冻多死”,赵煦因此取消了当年元宵节的游幸活动。
从明朝中期起,中国进入了第四个寒冷期,一直到1900年前后的清末才结束,长达500年。国内把这一时期称为“明清小冰期”,国际上则称为“现代小冰期”。最近的500年中,最寒冷的五十年,即出现在这一时期,其时间大致为1650年至1700年。
《中国气象灾害大典·综合卷》中记载,1900年以前的“严重强寒潮灾害”仅节选17次,明清就占13次。 景泰四年(1453年)冬,中国自北而南的大部分地区都下了罕见大雪,河北、山东、江苏、浙江、广西等地连下一个多月的雪,导致太湖断航,港口封冻,“人畜冻死万计”,南方的广西柳州等地,河里的鱼都冻死了。
明武宗朱厚照在位的正德八年(1513年),大雪使得南方的太湖、洞庭湖、鄱阳湖等变成了“超级溜冰场”,洞庭湖上“冰合,人骑可行”。
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