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明清紫禁城内如何度寒冬? 紫禁城重要宫殿有“地暖”

2016-12-12 16:02:46   

张善培

现在正值寒冬时节,因为有暖气,使得室内温暖如春。不过,在很多年前的北京城,并不是家家户户都有暖气。明清时期,即便是皇帝生活的紫禁城,也只有一些重要宫殿才能安装“地暖”。

那时,最常见的取暖设备就是炕,不仅皇宫里常见,寻常百姓家也会用到。另外,还有火盆、手炉等取暖工具也极为流行。当然,紫禁城里的火盆、手炉等设备不仅制作精美,背后还藏着诸多故事。

紫禁城重要宫殿有“地暖”

老北京有首童谣曾唱道:“说什么说呀,锅台连着锅呀,唱什么唱呀,锅台连着炕呀”。这说的是古代百姓家传统的御寒方式。冬日天寒地冻,自古以来人们靠煤炭或柴禾来取暖御寒。那么往昔皇宫内又是如何度严冬的呢?

古时皇宫内取暖很有讲究,如汉代时曾有温宝殿,殿内有各种防寒设备,其中最有特色的就是墙壁用御寒的花椒与泥土搅拌后涂抹,由此得名椒房殿。

到了唐代,皇宫取暖的方式越来越多样。王仁裕写的《开元天宝遗事》载,杨贵妃的哥哥杨国忠与唐玄宗之弟申王以及其他皇室贵族,严冬时节,下令让宫妓或又高又胖的婢妾将其团团围住,以此来防寒遮风,这种抵御风寒的方法在当时称为“妓围”。唐玄宗李隆基每到冬天就带着贵妃杨玉环到临潼的骊山行宫里泡温泉取暖。

金代在北京建立都城,史籍中记载:金朝在建立都城时,皇宫里建了火炕,用来防寒取暖,皇帝和大臣冬天时,就在火炕的矮台上商议朝政,有时甚至还一起进餐。这种在居室中筑建火炕并在炕桌上进餐之法,后来明清时期,流传到民间,成为老百姓御寒取暖的主要方式。

清代诗人褚维垲有一首《燕京杂咏》,诗云:安排衾枕卧无床,土炕家家砌曲房,移置砖炉深夜靠,惯薰煤气当焚香。这首诗描绘出寒冬时节皇宫与百姓家用火炕取暖御寒的情景。

明清两代时,皇宫里的保暖方式其本质上也是采取火炕的方式,只不过其技术和其他辅助设备更加先进。比如,紫禁城宫殿的墙壁厚实,屋顶广大,这有利于冬季的防寒保暖。

如今,当人们游览故宫时,可见故宫里一些殿堂内均设有套间暖阁或火炕,但在故宫里却找不到一个烟囱,那么明清两代的皇帝后妃以及子女们又是怎样度过隆冬数九寒天的呢?

皇帝办公的三大殿(一般指太和、中和、保和三大殿)、养心殿以及部分寝宫的墙均是空心的,殿内地砖下面砌有纵横相通的火道,直通向殿外的地炉子。当点燃外面的地炉子时,热气会均匀地扩散到地面与墙壁的每个角落,整个殿堂里温暖如春。这样做不但散热面积大,热量均匀,而且还没有烟灰污染,类似于今天地暖的功效。

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