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鞍匠胡同的老工匠曾被乾隆封为“九品鞍匠”
鞍匠胡同位于西城区福绥境地区,呈东西走向。东起小太平胡同,西至阜成门北顺城街,清代称鞍匠营,曾为制造马鞍之所。
满族是一个矫健而善于骑射的“马上民族”,各旗都设有制造弓箭的工匠营。雍正八年(1730年)曾有谕旨:“五匠俱系出征、行围所需,命定期考验,其技艺不精者勒限学习。”当时五匠的编制为1118人,鞍匠作为五匠之一,人数为447人。马鞍是一种用包着皮革的木框做成的座位,内塞软物,前后均凸起,其制作工艺颇有讲究。据传,鞍匠营有一位技艺高超的老鞍匠,曾为乾隆皇帝制作过御马鞍,并受过皇封。
清代皇帝每年要举行“塞外行围”、“木兰秋狝”,所用御马鞍由总管内务府造办处承作。有一年,造办处为乾隆皇帝制作了三个御马鞍,但乾隆皇帝都不满意。造办处打听到鞍匠营有位王师傅技术高超,制作马鞍已有30多年,于是将他请到造办处专为乾隆皇帝制作御马鞍。王师傅的手艺果真不一般,一个月之后便制作出一副铁鋄金镂雕双龙马鞍。其前后鞍桥通体饰银叶,錾龙、云、火珠,镶嵌青金石、珊瑚等,面部以铁鋄金镂二龙戏珠及如意云纹,样式独具匠心。乾隆皇帝看后甚是喜欢,于是封其为“九品鞍匠”,并赐黄马褂一件。
棚匠皮匠绳匠针匠胡同的著名工匠各有绝活
棚匠胡同在新街口北大街迤西,最初叫棚匠刘胡同,东西走向,东起东校场胡同,西至中校场胡同。据传早年间因胡同内有棚匠开设的棚铺得名。老北京有三种精绝手艺,搭棚匠是其中之一。棚匠搭棚,只有杉篙、竹竿、芦席、绳子,平地而起,高至十丈,宽亦十丈,中间不见一柱。多为夏季庭院中搭的天棚以及平时住户殡丧嫁娶等红白喜事搭的灵堂、寿堂、喜堂。据传明永乐年间,在棚匠胡同住着一位叫刘富贵的棚匠,能搭各式各样的棚,与真的建筑无异,所以京城大户人家办红白事多请刘师傅搭棚。由此其所在的胡同被称为棚匠刘胡同、棚匠胡同,后谐音称为朋奖胡同。如今胡同已拆除,不见其踪。
皮匠胡同今称王皮胡同,呈东西走向,东起前门大街,西至煤市街。《北京市宣武区地名志》载:“王皮胡同在明即已存在,属正西坊。其名称来历,据说是因一姓王的皮匠居此而得名。”皮匠是早年间京城最常见的匠人,俗称补鞋匠,以皮革制作或修理皮鞋、皮货、皮件谋生,尽管使用的工具只有锤子、钉子、剪刀等,但同样属于技术性较强的行当。王皮胡同最初称王皮匠胡同,万历年间胡同东口住着一位缝制靴鞋的王皮匠,为人和善,手艺娴熟,因而远近闻名,这条胡同遂被称为王皮匠胡同,后称皮匠胡同。清末民初,这里曾是“八大胡同”之一,1949年11月北京市彻底取缔妓院后,被改称王皮胡同。
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