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户力平
首届“北京大工匠”评选活动日前已拉开帷幕。“工匠”即有工艺专长的匠人,古有“百工”之称。早在春秋战国时期,“百工”已成为手工业者的通称,《论语·子张》云:“百工居肆,以成其事”。古都北京作为能工巧匠的荟萃之地,有不少街巷名称都是以工匠命名的……
铁匠营铁匠胡同曾是打造冷兵器的作坊
北京有多处称铁匠胡同或铁匠营的地方,均为明清时设有制作铁器的作坊或铁匠聚居地得名。铁匠俗称“打铁的”,是一门古老的职业,匠人们以铁为原料,靠一把小小的铁锤打造出各式各样兵器或生产、生活工具。打铁是个技术活儿,多由师徒二人以上组成“小作坊”,其工具有炉台、风箱、砧子、锻锤、钳子等,劳动强度很大。
西城区厂桥附近有前铁匠胡同和后铁匠胡同,清代称铁匠营。当时此地为“八旗”之正黄旗地界,驻有旗兵,所设铁匠营以打造兵器为主,1911年后析为前、后两条胡同,分别称前、后铁匠营,1965年定名为前、后铁匠胡同。
丰台区以铁匠营命名的地名有六个,分称铁匠营、东铁匠营、西铁匠营、南铁匠营、北铁匠营和小铁匠营,均为明初在此设打造兵器的营地而得名。明代军队所使用的兵器多为铁制,为了满足军队训练和作战的需要,朝廷组织铁匠成立了打造兵刃和铁器的工匠营(兵工厂),俗称铁匠营,属官营的手工业“大作坊”,按照兵部要求打造各种兵器。现在南三环方庄桥和刘家窑桥之间的东铁营桥即是源自铁匠营之名。
弓箭大院弓匠胡同曾为清代骑射制造弓箭
弓箭是古代军队使用的一种以弓发射、具有锋刃的远射兵器。弓由弹性的弓臂和有韧性的弓弦构成;箭包括箭杆、羽箭、箭头。弓箭结构看似简单,但制作工艺很高,历代从事弓匠制作的匠人不计其数。
因清代乾隆年间为制作弓箭之所而得名的弓匠胡同很多,如位于西城福绥境地区的东弓匠胡同、西弓匠胡同、小弓匠胡同,位于东城区朝阳门北小街东边的南弓匠营胡同和北弓匠营胡同。此外,东四十字路口西南角还曾有个弓箭大院,胡同呈南北走向,北起东四西大街,南不通行,道路两侧是整齐的营房,成形于明代,当时有四十多家制作、经营弓箭的作坊。随着火药的发明、枪炮的使用,到了清朝规模缩小,只剩下十七家,隶属朝廷造币处管理,所制作的弓箭均上缴兵部、礼部、户部等,不得外卖。“聚元号”是这里最著名的一家作坊,创办于康熙五十九年(1720年),其匾额据传为乾隆皇帝御笔所题。“聚元号”制弓十分繁杂,有200多道工序。到了清末,已传至第七代店主王氏。随着清王朝的灭亡,弓箭大院内的店铺日渐衰败,“聚元号”老板将弓箭铺变卖于“全顺斋”掌柜堂弟杨瑞林。其后店内弓箭经杨瑞林悉心制作、灵活改进,曾参展民国初年(1912年)的巴拿马万国博览会并获奖。如今“聚元号”已为第十代传承人,其弓箭制作技艺入选非物质文化遗产。
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