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清末刺杀成风 揭秘潜入清廷的“余则成”

2016-10-19 15:31:28   北京晚报

据说当时身为同盟会重要领导的汪精卫之所以成为刺客,是同盟会领导了多次起义均告失败,反对派趁机攻击革命党人,并嘲讽孙中山等同盟会领导只会躲在国外煽动国内的热血青年送死。于是,汪精卫挺身而出,到北京刺杀清廷高官,以证明革命党不是贪生怕死之徒。

对于晚清的革命党刺客而言,万福华是真正的先驱。1904年,万福华在上海刺杀前广西巡抚王之春,揭开了晚清刺杀风潮的序幕。后来相继有1906年杨卓林谋刺两江总督端方,1907年徐锡麟刺杀安徽巡抚恩铭,1911年李燮和、陈方度谋刺广州巡警道台王秉恩,蒋翊武谋刺湖广总督瑞徵等。而在历次武装起义失败后,革命党人总会刺杀镇压起义的罪魁以复仇。比如1908年安庆马炮营起义失败后,革命党人范传甲刺杀清军协领余大鸿;1911年黄花岗起义失败后,林冠慈等炸伤广东水师提督李准,李沛基炸死新上任的广州将军凤山等。当然,若是论起刺杀的重要性,1912年张先培等人刺杀袁世凯,彭家珍刺杀良弼,都是推动革命最终胜利的重要砝码。

谈起清末的刺客,不得不提到大名鼎鼎的蔡元培。蔡元培在《我在教育界的经验》一文中有这样一段话:“自三十六岁以后,我已决意参加革命工作。觉得革命只有两途:一是暴动,一是暗杀。在爱国学社中竭力助成军事训练,算是预备下暴力的种子;又以暗杀于女子更为相宜,于爱国女学,预备下暗杀的种子。”原来,蔡元培曾参加杨笃生领导的暗杀团,与陶成章等人秘密创立光复会,出任中国同盟会上海分会会长。谁又能想到,清末的翰林、后来的北京大学校长,也曾投身于革命党的刺客组织呢?由此看来,也就不难理解,彭家珍为何会在辛亥革命的关键时刻,只身刺杀“宗社党”领袖良弼了。因为对革命党人来说,推动革命的胜利,是他们毕生的志向。

2 潜入清廷的“余则成”

根据历史记载,出生于1888年的四川人彭家珍个子很矮,也就1米6。但是,个子矮志向高,彭家珍在1903年考入成都武备学堂后,就阅读了陈天桥等人的革命著作,并思考国家前途,立下了革命的志向。3年后,年仅18岁的彭家珍以优异的成绩被清廷派往日本士官学校学习,在日本期间,他与同乡秘密参加了同盟会。

回国后,彭家珍先后在四川和东北担任军职。1911年,彭家珍被清廷任命为天津兵站副官长及代理标统。这一任命,极大地方便了他的革命活动。他明面上听从清政府的命令,暗地里却在所管辖军旅秘密聚集大批有革命志向的军士,一同进行革命活动,借机相助革命党。武昌首义后,全国各地的革命党人相继起义,与清军展开激烈对抗。彭家珍知道起义队伍武器和物资奇缺,因此数次将给清军运输的军用物资和武器弹药,偷偷送给了革命军,有时还将军用物资票交给京津革命党人使用,大大地方便了革命活动的进行。1911年11月,清政府由欧洲购买了一批新式武器,计划运往武汉前线用以镇压起义军。彭家珍得知后,向上级请求亲自押运这批物资,获准后,他立刻密电张绍曾,请他在运载军火的列车通过滦州时,派兵扮作“土匪”截留军火。

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