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今年是辛亥革命胜利105周年,回顾那个争取民主和自由、独立与富强的特殊年代,无数先驱不畏艰险,纷纷踏上了通往共和的复兴之路。既有拿起枪支参加起义的战士,也有潜入敌后刺杀清廷魁首的勇士。随着时间的流逝,革命中生存下来的风云人物总是家喻户晓,而那些诛除元凶,以一己之力为革命扫除障碍的英雄,却渐渐被历史的灰尘掩没。本期“品读”要为读者介绍的,就是辛亥革命中单骑赴险,刺杀晚清“宗社党”领袖良弼的革命党人彭家珍。
引出这个话题,还要从北京动物园说起。北京动物园的前身是民国时期的农事试验场,现在的动物园正门就是一处古迹,它原是“农事试验场”正门,西洋式门楼,上方有雕花龙纹。在原农事试验场中部,有一排中式房,名为荟芳轩,房外有栏杆,拱券式门窗,建于1906年。东西建一桥,桥墩、桥面均系青石板所建,名青石桥,1933年更名磊桥。荟芳轩往南,建有为辛亥革命英勇献身的四烈士墓。1912年2月,南京临时政府褒扬四人的革命业绩,追授彭家珍为陆军大将军,并为彭家珍、杨禹昌、黄之萌、张先培在农事试验场营建墓地。孙中山亲自参加了迁葬仪式,向为辛亥革命献身的四烈士表示哀悼。1966年四烈士纪念碑被砸毁,1991年4月1日,北京市园林局在四烈士墓遗址处新建纪念墓碑,墓碑背面铭刻四烈士的生卒年月、事迹及建墓、被毁、建碑日期。
笔者近日去北京动物园游览,在游人如织的熊猫馆北侧找到了四烈士墓遗址。那是一片幽静的松林,松林中有一座简朴的遗址纪念碑,正面上书“彭杨黄张四烈士墓遗址”。四烈士中,除彭家珍系刺杀良弼时当场被炸死外,其余三位烈士均是刺杀袁世凯未遂后被捕并被处决。
历史的发展有其必然性,比如彭家珍为何要刺杀良弼?如果把这段历史看作电视剧《潜伏》,那么良弼就是反派中的骨干“李涯”,因为他是满族中的少壮派,更是禁卫军将领,力图联合清朝亲贵中不甘大厦将倾者做最后的努力。而彭家珍则是革命党中的“余则成”,他潜入敌人内部,用计把清廷运往武昌前线的军火转送给革命党人,并在良弼等“宗社党”人阻碍清帝退位时刺杀良弼,给了清廷死硬派最后的一击。如果说在南方正面战场与清军搏斗的革命党人是勇士,那么在北方敌人内部四处游走的彭家珍就是侠之大者,其对封建王朝的破坏性不言而喻。
1 清末刺杀成风
彭家珍刺杀良弼,可以说是清末革命党人推翻封建王朝的惯用手段之一。根据有历史记载的真实事件,清末革命党人策划的刺杀事件有50多起。其中最有名的是1908年汪精卫刺杀摄政王,其原因大概是刺杀的对象官衔更大,加之汪精卫后系国民党元老,在民国政坛举足轻重。另一个原因可能是汪精卫和陈璧君演绎了一段“美女”爱英雄的佳话,在汪刺杀不成被捕后,陈跑到狱中示爱。当然,汪精卫后来投向日寇,导致身败名裂,这是后话了。
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