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汤显祖《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的生存场域

2016-09-02 09:12:47   光明日报

这种妇女的悲剧直到晚清人施鸿保记录道光至咸丰朝他寓居福建14年间的《闽杂记》中仍有记载:“福州旧俗,以家有贞女节妇为尙,愚民遂有搭台死节之事。凡女已字人,不幸而夫死者,父母兄弟皆迫女自尽。先日于众集处,搭高台,悬素帛,临时设祭。扶女上,父母皆拜台下。俟女缢讫,乃以鼓吹迎尸归殓。”

之所以这类悲剧愈演愈烈,这与明代统治者对“贞节烈女”的旌表提倡直接相关。《明史》《列女》说:“明兴,著为规条,巡方督学岁上其事。大者赐祠祀,次亦树坊表,……照耀井闾,乃至僻壤下户之女,亦能以贞白自砥。其著于实录及显志者,不下万余人,虽间有以文艺显,要之节烈为多。呜呼!何其盛也。”

“照耀井闾”的牌坊一般主要分为功名牌坊(如功德坊、状元坊等)、道德牌坊(节妇孝子)、标志牌坊(如岱宗坊、古隆中武侯祠坊等)和陵墓牌坊(如明十三陵牌坊)等,明代以后尤以贞节牌坊为盛。据浙江《镇海县志》记载,该县清代的四十九座牌坊中,除了“乐善好施坊”和“孝子坊”各一座外,其余四十七座全是贞节牌坊。目前中国尚保留的牌坊属徽州的最多。而在徽州的牌坊中,也是以表彰妇女贞节的为最多,几乎占到了所有牌坊的一半。

徽州可查的最后一座牌坊,是距今100余年的一座贞节牌坊,这个由最高地方长官动用官银修建的牌坊,上面骇然刻着一行文字:“徽州府属孝贞节烈六万五千零七十八口”。这对中国妇女而言是何等冷酷的一组数字。

深闺杜丽娘:我真可怜人儿也

所谓对“身体的束缚”主要是指对女性正常生理、心理欲望的压抑和贬斥。这种压抑首先表现在“闺阁”锁春的观念上。

宋代女词人李清照(1084年3月13日-1155年5月12日)的《声声慢》一词从某种意义上正表达了对这种“闺阁”锁春的苦闷和寂寞:“寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最难将息。三杯两盏淡酒,怎敌他晚来风急。雁过也,正伤心,却是旧时相识。满地黄花堆积。憔悴损,如今有谁堪摘? 守着窗儿独自,怎生得黑!梧桐更兼细雨,到黄昏点点滴滴。这次第,怎一个愁字了得!”“守着窗儿独自”,所谓“独自”就是封建礼教所要求的“妇人之行,不出于闺门”,直到年方二八及笄出嫁(古代女子十五岁开始以笄[簪]束发,叫“及笄”。及笄”意指女子已成年,到了婚配的年龄)。这个“守着窗”的“窗”是个什么“窗”呢?李清照的时代闺房的“窗”应是什么样的可以再考证,但我们从现存的明代的建筑中仍可看到那时的闺房的“窗”是什么样的。抚州金溪县竹桥明清古村建筑绣楼的窗口即是向上斜开的,也即它只是用来采光,而不是用来让少女看外面的世界的,更不要说看男人。这种闺房我曾在江西与安徽接壤的婺源的徽派民居中察看见过。

由此也引出一个我们该如何看待杜丽娘的出场问题。从现在尚存的明清时期的“闺阁”或“绣楼”的建筑格局来看,“闺阁”或“绣楼”都是建在最隐蔽的厅堂之上,以陡峭的木板楼梯与后堂连接。而平时这个楼梯的最下面几层木板也是要抽掉的,即闺阁中的小姐是不能轻易下楼的,必须像杜丽娘的母亲要求女儿的那样,在楼上闺阁中“做些针指,或观玩书史”以打发时日。

由此看来,杜丽娘在舞台上的出场恐怕并不是如走平地般随意,而是由春香先插上楼梯木板将闺阁中的小姐扶下楼来。由此才能更好的理解为什么杜丽娘一见到后花园的姹紫嫣红的美景会“忽忽花间起梦情”,梦即生存。这其中有一个词“闺阁”特别值得注意。“闺阁”一直被古代以男人为主体的文人士大夫描绘成诗情画意的一个词,在《牡丹亭》中也多次出现“香闺”、“香阁”等与少女住处相熨帖的香艳温情的词,如第十二出《寻梦》出现的“香闺”、第十一出《慈戒》中的“情思无聊,独眠香阁”、“香闺”、第十出《惊梦》“我步香闺怎便把全身现!”、“昼眠香阁”、第十八出《诊祟》“小小香闺,为甚伤憔悴?”等。

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