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汤显祖《牡丹亭》中杜丽娘的生存场域

2016-09-02 09:12:47   光明日报

但《牡丹亭》中更令人关注的是带有汤显祖对“闺阁”一词反思倾向的“幽闺”、“深阁”等这些词。如第十二出《寻梦》中出现的“幽闺”、第十六出《诘病》中的“深阁重簾”,尤其是第十出《惊梦》中柳梦梅对杜丽娘所说的一段话在最后出现“在幽闺自怜”几个字:“[生笑介]姐姐,咱一片闲情,爱杀你哩!则为你如花美眷,似水流连,是答儿(到处)闲寻遍。在幽闺自怜。”柳梦梅到处寻找如花美眷的人儿,却发现她原来在幽闺自怜。能够让美人儿自乂自怜的闺阁显然不是温情的和诗意的,而是幽暗寒彻的“幽闺”,这既符合古代少女闺阁处所的客观环境,也一针见血地破除了长期以来文人士大夫对“闺阁”溢美之词的欺骗性。

对女性正常生理、心理欲望的压抑不仅仅表现在“闺阁”锁春的观念上,而且也表现在对女性正常生理、心理欲望的贬斥上。

汤显祖时代的临川故里抚州府究竟有多少节烈牌坊现在已很难查考。其中在临川县腾桥镇北部的厚源村连接下坊村主干道旁有一座始建于清道光十三年(1834)的“曾氏节孝牌坊”。相传清道光年间,厚源村民黄兴龙,字立斋,娶邻村兰溪曾氏生了长子黄金映,次子黄金华出生后不久,黄兴龙即去世,时年曾氏18岁。曾氏含辛茹苦拉扯两个儿子长大。她让黄金映跟舅舅到云南锡店当学徒。数年后,黄金映单独辟店,自己经营,锡店生意兴隆,黄金映成为当地首富。黄金映还在厚源村广置田地,让黄金华经营。就在这个“曾氏节孝牌坊”旁边,至今仍比较完好地保存着其兄弟共同建造的“立斋别墅”。为了表达对母亲几十年守节并谆谆教育儿孙成才的敬意和孝心,兄弟俩向朝廷申请为母亲竖立节孝牌坊(按照当时的规定,妇女在20岁之前守寡才有资格被旌表为“节孝”),光绪皇帝欣然准奏,允许其为母竖牌坊。传说在建造牌坊的过程中,工程一切顺利,可是在安置牌坊最顶端的葫芦顶时却怎么也装不上去,用于吊顶的四根缆绳也断了两根,在场的工匠等都吓得吐出了舌头。看到此,人们顿时对曾氏的贞节产生了几丝疑问。尴尬的兄弟俩跪在老母亲面前问是什么原因。曾氏细想起来可能是一天清早看见过公鸡打蛋(交配)之故,便坦白地告诉儿子说:娘一生清白。说着叫儿子把她抬到牌坊底下,她跪地说道:“我曾氏一生清白,如果我有任何不俭点之处,我就情愿让整个牌坊倒下把我压死。”曾氏话音刚落,葫芦顶便自然吊装上去了。

这个传说表面上所传达的信息是褒扬贞节妇人,可实际上则是贬斥妇女生理、心理欲望的正当性,甚至连随意扫了一眼牲畜禽鸟交配都要受到上天的惩罚。这是多么残酷虚伪的“非礼勿视”!

杜丽娘生存场域是汉代以来所形成的“贞节观”和与之相关联的“烈女观”对古代妇女肉欲和心灵囿于一隅。正是在这种特定生存场域的挤压和高压之下,明代的妇女是极其苦闷的,现实中无以思情,只能在梦境里来“幽媾”,来“惊梦”,来“冥誓”,来尽男欢女爱之常情。

十八世纪德国诗人荷尔德林说:“歌唱即实存”。即歌唱是主体情感体验的产物,体验以歌唱使主体之存在亮相、呈露,因此,歌唱即生存,歌唱者就是生存者。杜丽娘的“歌”即“梦”。在人世间,杜丽娘无论是身体还是心灵都被封建礼教戕害、压抑,她没有“歌”,只有怨。从本质上说,杜丽娘没有“生存”,她的生命被异化了。可杜丽娘一旦“因情成梦”,她便进入了生命的永恒状态,她开始有了自己“歌唱”的话语,她的生命被照亮,此在呈现、亮相。由此观之,对杜丽娘来说,“梦即生存”,梦者即生存者。

杜丽娘正是一个为了蓦然领悟的生命价值,为了“雨香云片”的梦境幽欢而“敢于承当死亡”之人。这种对“天授之性”不惜以死而相坚守的独绝意识,在封建礼教禁锢的晚明时代的确是惊天动地的“历史事件”。既然现实世界杜丽娘没有“生存”,“命如一叶”,那么,她宁可拚死去“寻梦”,开启肯定她的生命价值的梦的世界,在梦中生存。杜丽娘的形象正是曲折地表达了明代后期妇女的真实生存状态,汤显祖通过《牡丹亭》给了幽闭在闺阁中没有任何出路的思春女性一个神圣的幻觉式的宣泄情欲的时空。

杜丽娘由生而死又复生正是她惊天地、泣鬼神的“三生路”:她在现实中的“生”其实是“非生”;可她由梦而“死”却恰恰是“往生”;最后掘坟开棺她由“死”而“复生”则是再生、重生,即现实与梦境的重合之生(诗意的栖居)。

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