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谷雨时节 古人为什么要“禁蝎”?

2016-04-22 09:17:19   北京晚报

眼下的“谷雨”之后,盛事之一则是观赏有“国色天香”之誉的牡丹花。古人所谓“谷雨过三天,园里看牡丹”就是这个意思,此时古人大多要举办“花会”,以吸引游人。

在观赏美景之外,对古人来说,最热衷的是参加各种群体性活动,放松身心,其中以进庙上香的“春祈”活动为多。从三月初的上巳节,到三月底的“香会”、“钱幡会”,古人都要“出去走走”。以北京来说,“香会”更是春天将尽之时的最大盛事。明沈榜《宛署杂记·民风一》记载:三月二十八日,“民间每年各随其地预集近邻为‘香会’,月敛钱若干,掌之会头至……是日行者塞路,呼佛声振地,甚有步一拜者,曰‘拜香庙’。”

同一天,在南方则有“钱幡会”。据清乾隆《奉贤县志》,上海一带的岁时民俗是,“(三月)二十八日为‘钱幡会’,先是诸巫舁偶神循门互唱索钱,结缕为胜,以奉岳神。至是日,鼓乐仪从,群至松郡岳庙而散。”在吴地(今苏州),三月二十八日也有类似活动。清顾禄《清嘉录》称: “城中玄妙观有东岳帝殿……俗以诞日前进香者,乡人居多,呼为‘草鞋香’。”

农历三月底的“民间狂欢”现象,在古代是全国性的。如在湖北,三月二十八日的活动安排也颇为丰富。据民国四年《汉口小志》,“男女多游洪山。童子放风筝,斗百草,打秋千,皆间一为之。”

虽然古时三月下旬的活动名目不一,但以三月二十八日这一天活动最为隆重。为什么?原来传这天是东岳神(泰山神)的生日。据《岱史》,“岱(泰山神)乃天帝之孙,群灵之府,主世界人民官职、生死、贵贱等事。”因此,迷信的古人敬之当然格外虔诚。实际上,这不过是春天将尽之际,古人放松心情的又一理由。

谷雨“调摄”:春夏交替的养生之道

《养余月令》:“谷雨日,采茶炒藏,能治痰咳及疗百病”

谷雨时节,古人还会调整作息,调理饮食,以适应春夏交替,这一做法即所谓 “调摄”。如何调摄?明戴羲《养余月令·三月下》中有这样的说法:“季春之月,万物发陈,天地俱生,阳炽阴伏,宜早卧早起,以养脏气。时肝脏气伏,心当向旺,宜益肝补肾,以顺其时。”

《养余月令》中所列“调摄”方法有19则,所列“药饵”有11则。此时正是桃花盛开的时节,有些地方流行谷雨“洗桃花水”的风俗 。而在调摄上,古人也有使用桃花的案方:“采桃花浸酒,饮之,除百疾,益颜色。”

谷雨还可食野菜时蔬。在北方,有“食香椿”的风俗,称“(谷)雨前香椿嫩如丝”。在南方,南北朝时就有“鼠曲和粉,以厌时气”的传统。据南朝梁宗懔《荆楚岁时记》,三月三,“取鼠曲汁蜜和为粉,谓之龙舌,以厌时气。”就是采摘鼠曲草,用蜜汁加粉调和,做成的一种饼团,又称“龙饼”。也有的地方,“用黍曲和菜做羹。”

此外,还有的地方流行取树叶汁做饭的风俗。据清乾隆《宁德县志》,福建宁德一带,“乡间以柷木叶捣汁染饭,俗传食此长年,即青精饭遗意也。”而在西宁一带,则是另外的做法。据清屈大均《广东新语》,当地“岁三月以青枫、乌桕嫩叶浸之,信宿以其胶液和糯,蒸为饭,色黑而香。”

其实,暮春之时正是青黄不接之际,古时食蔬饭不仅仅是为了“调摄”,也是为了节省粮食度春荒。据清光绪十八年《邹县续志》,在山东邹县一带,就有三月“食榆钱、榆粥、榆饼”之俗。无粮时野蔬直接当粮吃,民国二十四年《怀柔县新志》称,北京怀柔一带,“每候榆柳芽发,采以代谷。”

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