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从《党委会的工作方法》看毛泽东的领导方法

2016-03-23 09:07:35   光明日报

领导和群众相结合的第二点,要坚持“一来一去”。毛泽东说:在我党的一切实际工作中,凡属正确的领导,必须是从群众中来,到群众中去。如此无限循环,一次比一次地更正确。对此,毛泽东还说过:“领导者并没有什么了不起的本事,他的责任就在于替人民群众当传达员,把大家的意见和反映的情况加以分析、研究和总结,作出正确的决定。然后,又将党委的决定传达到群众中去加以贯彻执行。”

领导和群众相结合的第三点,他还这样说:当学生,当先生,当领导者。从群众中来,就是做群众的学生,向群众学习。毛泽东说,在人民中间,有成千上万的诸葛亮,我们要有承认自己无知的勇气,下决心向他们学习。“群众是真正的英雄,而我们自己则往往是幼稚可笑的,不了解这一点,就不能得到起码的知识。”所以,他曾提出,“向工人学,向农民学,向知识分子学。还要向资本家学,就是研究资本家如何剥削的一套;还要向土豪劣绅学习,他们的鬼鬼怪怪要研究一下,他们为什么能富,为什么能讨小老婆”。到群众中去,就是要做群众的先生,引导群众。他说,领导者就好像一个加工厂,从老百姓处学来的东西进行加工后,再去教老百姓,不断地教老百姓。要把心打通,不要架子。党员干部要“善于把党的政策变为群众的自觉行动”,这是马克思列宁主义的领导艺术。

领导和群众相结合的第四点,要了解群众的“心理”和需要,要知道群众想什么,需要什么。抓人心,最根本的就是抓人的需要,特别是物质需要。毛泽东认为,领导者要想让被领导者跟着前进,必须给以物质福利,否则,就不能实现领导。这是符合马克思主义的,马克思说过,思想一旦离开“利益”,就一定会使自己出丑。毛泽东深刻地领会了这一点。1942年12月,他更明确地说:共产党并不是向人民要东西,而是给人民以东西。那么,给人民什么呢?人民需要什么呢?当时对于广大的农民来说,最需要的就是减轻负担和获得土地。正是紧紧抓住了土地问题,党才能把农民团结在自己身边。1938年,他指出:政治问题,主要是对人民的态度,只要给他们谋利益,和他们打成一片,他们自然相信你、支持你。

总的来看,“两结合”的方法是毛泽东把唯物辩证法运用于实际工作的体现。一般与个别相结合,主要是对“事”来说的;领导与群众相结合主要是对“人”来说的。领导工作说到底就是“以人谋事”。他还说:“我们跟蒋介石和日本一共打了二十二年,主要一条经验是,要同群众结合起来。什么时候跟群众合作得好,我们就得到发展;什么时候脱离群众,我们就犯错误,就失败。”

善于当“班长”

1949年3月,毛泽东在党的七届二中全会上专门论述了《党委会的工作方法》,他提出党委应是“大权独揽,小权分散。党委决定,各方去办”。而党委书记要善于当“班长”。任何一个领导都处在一个系统中,领导者进行工作必须学会运用组织、系统及在组织、系统中进行工作。他说,一般情况下,党的委员会有一二十个人,像军队的一个班,书记好比是“班长”。要把这个班带好,的确不容易。党委要完成自己的领导任务,必须依靠这“一班人”,充分发挥他们的作用。书记要当好“班长”,就应该很好地学习和研究。如果这“一班人”动作不整齐,就休想带领千百万人去工作。怎样指挥好这“一班人”呢?或者这“一班人”如何一道工作呢?除了以上提到的,综合起来看,毛泽东论述过的还有如下几点:

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