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从《党委会的工作方法》看毛泽东的领导方法

2016-03-23 09:07:35   光明日报

一是“互通情报”,有问题摆到桌面上来。党委各委员之间要把彼此知道的情况互相通知、互相交流。有了问题就开会,摆到桌面上来讨论,规定它几条,问题就解决了。“班长”和委员还要能互相谅解,书记和委员、上级和下级之间的谅解、支援和友谊,比什么都重要。

二是不懂得和不了解的东西要问下级,不要轻易表示赞成或反对。有些文件起草出来压下暂时不发,就是因为其中还有些问题没有弄清楚,需要先征求下级的意见。切不可强不知以为知,要“不耻下问”,要善于倾听下面干部的意见。下面干部的话,有正确的,也有不正确的,听了以后要加以分析。对正确的意见,必须听,并且照它做。对下面来的错误意见也要听,不过听了而不照它做,并且要给予批评。

三是抓得起,抓得紧。抓得起,是指抓全局,需要有一种大的能力。说到抓,既要抓得起,又要抓得对,又要抓得紧。薄一波回忆,毛泽东自己“看准的事情,一旦下决心要抓,就抓得很紧很紧,一抓到底,从不虎头蛇尾,从不走过场。”王任重的日记则记述了他的一个工作实例,“在这两天,主席写了三封信,申述了他的主张,要各省开六级干部大会,看来,主席抓得很紧。”

四是重视“开会”。开会要事先通知,像出安民告示一样,让大家知道要讨论什么问题,解决什么问题,并且早作准备。会议不要开得太长,讲话、演说和写决议案,都应当简明扼要。“凡是看不懂的文件,禁止拿出来”。他还提出过,要大型会议、中型会议和小型会议相结合。这三种会议一般指的是群众大会、干部大会和领导班子会,把工作干好就得学会开这些会。

五是注意团结那些和自己意见不同的人一道工作。不论在地方上或部队里,都应该注意这一条。对党外人士也是一样。“我们都是从五湖四海汇集拢来的,我们不仅要善于团结和自己意见相同的同志,而且要善于团结和自己意见不同的同志一道工作。”为了让领导干部明白这一点,他多次引用过历史故事。1962年1月30日,他在中央工作会议上说:“刘邦,就是汉高祖,他比较能够采纳各种不同的意见。”刘邦能够作出一些正确的决策,与他善于采纳不同的意见密切相关。相反,项羽失败,就是由于他“不爱听别人的不同意见”。

六、检查评比,及时纠错。工作布置下去,不能认为就完成了。毛泽东说:“全面规划,几次检查,年终评比,这是三个重要方法。”他还强调“除了开会的方法以外,还有打电报、打电话、出去巡视这些方法,也是很重要的领导方法”;通过检查,一是督促进展,二是修正错误。毛泽东一生也犯过错误,但大都能自己纠正,应该说与这种工作方法不无关系。

以上几点是毛泽东在不同场合讲的“党委会的工作方法”,不难发现,它实际上体现的是民主集中制的方法。毛泽东明确指出过:“党委制是保证集体领导、防止个人包办的党的重要制度。”“只要是大事,就得集体讨论,认真地听取不同的意见,认真地对于复杂的情况和不同的意见加以分析。要想到事情的几种可能性,估计情况的几个方面,好的和坏的,顺利的和困难的,可能办到的和不可能办到的。尽可能地慎重一些,周到一些。如果不是这样,就是一人称霸。这样的第一书记,应当叫作霸王,不是民主集中制的‘班长’。”他还告诫党的干部:“让人讲话,天不会塌下来,自己也不会垮台。不让人讲话呢?那就难免有一天要垮台。”

需要说明的是,毛泽东讲过的和用过的工作方法还有很多,比如“在游泳中学游泳”“从战争中学习战争”,多谋善断,善于观察形势等等。但是,以上四种是最主要的,也是他最常用的。毛泽东的领导方法,是他创造性地运用马克思主义的产物,是他的哲学思想在领导活动中的具体运用,是他提倡的理论和实践相结合、实事求是、一切从实际出发等思想方法的现实体现,也是他创造性地继承了中国传统的领导智慧的产物,是他在治党与治国具体实践中的独特创造。其中许多内容具有超越时空的意义,特别是对今天加强党的执政和治理能力,提高领导干部的执政和治理水平,具有重要的借鉴意义。

(张太原,作者为中央党校党史部教授)

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