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从《党委会的工作方法》看毛泽东的领导方法

2016-03-23 09:07:35   光明日报

在社会主义革命和建设时期,毛泽东对“弹钢琴”的运用,集中体现在“十大关系”的处理上。其中最根本的一点就是告诉党的干部:干工作要做到统筹兼顾。学会“弹钢琴”,先要心中有“谱”,胸中有“数”。钢琴有多少键,每个键能弹出什么音符,必须了如指掌。解决矛盾,要深入到矛盾中去,特别是要掌握与之相关的数字。毛泽东把“胸中有数”也列为一条重要的工作方法。它的基本要求是:对情况和问题一定要注意到它们的数量方面,要有基本的数量的分析。如果不懂得注意事物的数量方面,不懂得注意基本的统计、主要的百分比,不懂得注意决定事物质量的数量界限,一切都是胸中无“数”,结果就不能不犯错误。

在运用数据方面,毛泽东可谓是一个高手。比如,对中国革命的定位,就是他从中国占90%以上的农民这一“百分比”作出的。不是了解和注意到这一数据,他就不可能到农村去“闹革命”,不可能得出中国革命是“无产阶级领导下的农民战争”,不可能开出农村包围城市武装夺取政权的道路。此外,毛泽东论述问题和布置工作任务,也经常运用到数字。最为典型的两个实例大概莫过于在政治上创立的“三三制”政权和在经济上制定的“四面八方”政策。1949年,七届二中全会后,毛泽东提出经济上要:“公私兼顾、劳资两利、城乡互助、内外交流”,简称“四面八方”政策。他还强调,“‘四面八方’缺一面,缺一方,就是路线错误、原则的错误。”这也是他“弹钢琴”方法的具体运用。当然,毛泽东在运用数字方面也有过失误和教训。比如,1958年发动大炼钢铁运动,紧紧盯住“1070”吨钢,提倡生产计划三本账,极大地损害了经济的正常发展。这说明对于数字运用一定要慎重,切不可想当然和滥用,否则就会有害无益。

两个“结合”

1943年,毛泽东说:“我们共产党人无论进行何项工作,有两个方法是必须采用的,一是一般和个别相结合,二是领导和群众相结合。”这充分体现了马克思主义政党的特点。关于第一个“结合”,他说:任何工作任务,如果没有一般的普遍的号召,就不能动员广大群众行动起来;任何领导人员,凡不从下级个别单位的个别人员、个别事件取得具体经验者,必不能向一切单位作普遍的指导。这一方法必须普遍提倡,使各级领导干部都能学会使用。对此,毛泽东还做过两个比喻:一是走马看花,一是下马看花。他说:“走马看花,不深入,因为有那么多的花嘛”,就是领导者要多跑一些地方,广泛接触实际,了解基本的比较全面的情况。下马看花,“过细看花,分析一朵‘花’,解剖一个‘麻雀’”。就是在一个点上深入下去,认真研究一些重要的、带本质性的问题。两者结合起来,就既能够了解到全面的基本情况,又能够抓住根本性的问题。

针对第二个“结合”,毛泽东说:“只有领导骨干的积极性,而无广大群众的积极性相结合,便将成为少数人的空忙。但如果只有广大群众的积极性,而无有力的领导骨干去恰当地组织群众的积极性,则群众积极性既不可能持久,也不可能走向正确的方向和提到高级的程度。”因此,无论什么工作,都必须采取领导骨干和广大群众相结合的方法。领导骨干带头,组织和发动群众,这是中国共产党取得成功的秘诀之一。

这个结合蕴含的内容十分丰富,第一点是对群众要“抓两头带中间”。毛泽东说:“这是一个很好的领导方法。任何一种情况都有两头,即是有先进和落后,中间的状态又总是占多数。抓两头就把中间带动起来了。”用之于实际工作,他特别注重典型或先进的引领作用。“组织干部和群众对先进经验的参观和集中地展览先进的产品和做法,是两项很好的领导方法。”这个方法,现在领导干部仍然在普遍运用,比如各种考察活动。在毛泽东看来,典型是一种力量,树典型等于插旗帜,典型产生后,推动广大群众向这些“好样的”学习,由一到十,由点到面,就会逐渐形成一种气候。

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