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世界高铁哪家强?始于日本 兴于欧洲 变于中国

2017-06-27 17:01:31   新华社

新华社北京6月26日电综述:世界高铁哪家强

新华社记者

6月26日,具有完全知识产权、达到世界先进水平的中国标准动车组“复兴号”在高铁京沪线两端双向首发。

根据国际铁路联盟的定义,旧铁路线改造时速达200公里、新建铁路线时速达250到300公里的铁路为高铁。回顾世界各国的高铁发展,人们常说这种交通工具“始于日本,发展于欧洲,格局大变于中国”。那么全球高铁系统究竟哪家强?

始于日本

1964年10月1日,连接东京与新大阪之间的东海道新干线在东京奥运会前开通运营,成为世界上第一条商业运营的高速铁路。至今,日本开通的新干线总里程达2764.6公里,不同线路的最高运行时速(迷你新干线除外)在240到320公里。

日本新干线的一大技术特点在于采用了动力分散的运行方式,每节车厢的车轮都安装了驱动系统,而不是用火车头来牵引。这种运行方式让火车在加减速阶段和大坡度的线路上行驶更加平稳,也降低了噪音和振动,提升了乘坐的舒适性。

日本交通省的研究人员认为,高铁的有效竞争半径为旅行时间5小时以内,单程旅行时间超过5小时,高铁的快捷程度相对于航空就没有优势。新干线的建设发展带动了日本土木建筑、原材料和机械制造等相关产业的发展,更重要的是促进了人员流动,带动了地方经济发展,缩小了城乡差别。

兴于欧洲

日本开发新干线之时,欧美国家还将铁路运输看作“夕阳产业”,将发展重心放在了高速公路和航空运输上。新干线的成功给欧洲国家带来巨大冲击,以法国和德国为代表的欧洲国家开始奋起直追。

1981年9月27日,作为欧洲当时唯一一条高速铁路、巴黎到里昂间部分高铁线路开通投入运营,明亮的橘红色TGV流线型列车声名大振。法国高铁仅用10年时间就抵偿了营建成本,成为法国高技术的象征之一。截至2014年,法国高铁线路总路程为2037公里,也曾多次刷新高铁运行时速的最高纪录。

法国的高铁列车拥有量目前欧洲第一,并向外出口高铁技术。但在国际市场上,法国高铁出口并不理想,法国曾积极参与韩国、摩洛哥和南美国家的高铁招标项目,但成功率不高。分析人士认为,价格过高是限制法国高铁出口的重要原因。

德国的高铁系统简称为ICE,即“城际快车”。1991年,德国首列ICE高铁列车在汉诺威到维尔茨堡的路线上运行。注重环保节能是德国高铁的一大特点,德国铁路公司的数据显示,德国第三代高速列车(ICE3)比汽车和飞机更节能,在载客率为50%的情况下,每人每百公里折合油耗还不到2升。德国还开通了多条“欧洲跨境高铁线路”,与英国、比利时、荷兰、瑞士和奥地利合作,乘客可以乘高铁跨越多国。

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