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打造美丽中国“生态之窗”

2017-06-06 20:16:50   新华社

新华社西宁6月6日电题:打造美丽中国“生态之窗”——写在三江源国家公园体制试点一年之际

新华社记者马千里、李亚光

巍巍昆仑脚下,青藏高原腹地,长江、黄河、澜沧江孕育而生。被誉为“生命之源”的三江源,源远流长、生生不息。

2016年,青海省肩负起国家生态文明改革先行先试的重要任务,在三江源地区大胆尝试、扎实前行,探路国家公园体制,打造美丽中国“生态之窗”。

生态先行“两破两立”迎难改革

三江源地区位于青海省南部,被公认为亚洲重要的水源涵养地及生态安全屏障,珍稀野生物种众多,是世界高海拔地区生物多样性最集中的区域之一。昔日,在“风吹草低见牛羊”的三江源,充裕的牲畜存栏量使不少牧民走上了脱贫致富之路。

上世纪90年代,受过牧超载及气候变化等因素影响,三江源地区生态逐步发生退化,草原、冰川开始萎缩,不少河湖陆续干涸。因源头植被涵水能力下降,三江下游一度水患频发。

2003年,国家在三江源地区设立自然保护区,启动禁牧减畜、人工草补播、草原有害生物防控等生态工程,范围涉及15.23万平方公里。期间,当地近10万牧民搬离了草原,超过70万户农牧民主动减少了牲畜养殖数量。

“在面积如此辽阔、生态系统如此脆弱复杂的区域开展人工生态治理,我国历史上尚属首次。”青海省发改委副主任、三江源国家公园管理局局长李晓南说。

为配合各项生态治理工程的实施,原本经济欠发达的青海省坚持生态先行,出台一系列政策措施逐步取消对三江源地区GDP的绩效考核,将全省近三分之一的国土纳入工业禁止开发区域,对发生重大生态环境破坏和重大环境污染事件的地区和单位责任人实行“一票否决”。

经过10余年努力,三江源地区生态退化趋势基本得到遏制。然而,相关体制机制矛盾同时显现,集中体现为机构权责不清、职能交叉,各类保护地功能、空间有所重叠等;牧民的生计也遇到挑战,由于缺乏劳动技能,一些禁牧减畜的群众增收艰难;在少数地区,人工生态治理虽持续实施,但效果不佳。

2016年,我国首个国家公园体制试点在三江源地区设立,要求当地坚持保护优先、自然修复为主,创新生态保护管理体制机制,有序扩大社会参与,最终建成三江源共建共享、人与自然和谐共生的生态文明先行区。

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