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中美太空合作"零"突破 科学载荷上国际空间站

2017-06-05 10:01:27   科技日报

科技日报北京6月4日电(记者张佳星)北京时间6月4日凌晨,随着美国肯尼迪航天中心“3—2—1—点火”的指令,北京理工大学的两个墨绿色盒子,跟随“龙”飞船奔向国际空间站。

这两个小盒子,能自动变温、自动加料、自动开始和停止实验……阀、泵、反应器一个也不少,堪称“魔盒”。

北京理工大学生命学院副教授李晓琼介绍,科学载荷的盒子中有两组12块芯片,60个通道,可以模拟人体发育过程,在空间环境下对20个基因开展聚合酶链式(PCR)反应中DNA错配规律研究。该实验项目将在国际空间站驻留一个月,这是中国空间科学项目首次进入国际空间站,实现了中美近二三十年空间领域合作“零”的突破。

去空间站做实验,却不带任何仪器?小小“魔盒”内“乾坤”几何?如何完成实验?

“完成一个生物学实验需要很多仪器,一台一台搬上天是不可能的。”项目团队带头人、北京理工大学教授邓玉林说,“为了满足太空实验的要求,我们的设计把实验室嵌进芯片,用‘微流控芯片技术’造‘芯片实验室’,再把芯片装进‘魔盒’。”

邓玉林介绍,“芯片实验室”的实现源自一个奇妙的发现,1999年的《科学》杂志上登载了它的原理文章——一位科学家发现,当装有红蓝墨水的管子细到微纳米级别时,二者的界面非常清晰,不会混合。

“不混合”意味着控制流体非常简单,一个拐弯就能起到“阀”的作用,泵、反应器、实验室的仪器等都可在小区域内实现。“电子芯片是将电阻、二极管等元件集成到晶圆上。‘芯片实验室’则是把微阀、微泵、微反应器都集成在芯片上。”邓玉林说。

此外,芯片设计要考虑与地面完全不同的环境,例如,太空变温剧烈,会给芯片带来巨大的压力,容易产生破裂等。面对空间辐射、复杂机制等难题,项目团队勇于创新,完成了整体实验设计、核心芯片研制等研究工作。

此次实验将在空间飞行开始后,启动“魔盒”中的微流控芯片PCR仪,让抗体基因片段在空间环境下扩增。“它们会承受γ射线、微重力等影响。”李晓琼说,“同时,地面将完成相同反应条件的对照实验。”项目组会获得在轨飞行的“DNA扩增产物”和“对照组DNA扩增产物”,测序分析后,比较两者的不同,期望能总结出空间飞行导致基因突变发生的频率、位点等规律,进而探讨空间辐射及微重力环境下的基因诱变机理。

这是一次生物学理论的研究实验,“‘神舟八号’载荷实验的研究中,我们发现了在空间环境中DNA变异的一些新现象,推断空间环境造成的基因突变可能与生物分子进化有着重要的联系。”邓玉林说,“我们想通过这次机会,更进一步了解这个现象背后的规律。”

事实上,利用“芯片实验室”,团队一个多月前已在“天舟一号”上进行过更复杂的全自动实验。那次的载荷是在芯片里模仿人体器官的环境,进行多种细胞自动共培养,是世界首例。

“芯片里还镶嵌了影像设备,”邓玉林说,“我们采用了多焦融合技术,实现自动调焦,清晰地拍下免疫细胞的迁移数量、途径和方向。”项目组最终获得的十几个G容量的照片中,甚至可以讲出一个“救死扶伤”的故事——神经细胞受伤后,发出信号募集免疫细胞,免疫细胞纷纷迁移前来“救援”。

“我们的目标是未来让我国的空间站成为国家太空实验室,希望各行业各领域都能去做实验。”邓玉林说。

责任编辑:都基强 CN065
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