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最高法谈小区拆围墙:封闭小区是农耕时代产物

2016-02-23 11:56:50   央广网


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记者:我有两个小问题,也是我们老百姓非常关心的。最近几年关于房屋买卖的纠纷日益增多,但是有一方可能认为登记错误就状告刑事案件,但是有一方认为是买卖合同无效的话就是民事案件。我注意到怎们这个司法解释刚才也提到了这一点,想我们的领导回答一下到底老百姓应该怎么诉讼? 我们也关注到网上最近热议的话题,关于近期城市规划管理意见里面提到今后可能不再封闭建小区,道路将公共化,大家关心这到底跟《物权法》是什么样的关系?如果真是道路公共化之后,会不会与我们现行的《物权法》相关解释是相违背的?谢谢。

程新文:先回答第一个问题。根据《不动产登记暂行条例》,我国不动产登记涉及的不动产物权主要有九大类权利,包括集体土地所有权,房屋等建筑物、构筑物所有权,森林、林木所有权,耕地、林地、草地等土地承包经营权,建设用地使用权,宅基地使用权,海域使用权,地役权,抵押权,这些权利可以说涉及到了日常生活、正常生产经营的许多方面,非常重要。

造成你提到的实践中比较混乱的原因很多,但究其根本而言,是由于对不动产登记的性质及其在不动产物权变动中的作用认识不清所致。一方面,不动产登记是不动产物权的公示方式,是当事人不动产物权发生变动的意思表示推动的结果,不能把不动产物权登记理解为国家对不动产物权关系进行的干预,解释为行政权力对不动产物权的授权或确认。另一方面,根据《不动产登记暂行条例》的规定,我国承担不动产登记的机构在性质上是国家行政机关,就其履行不动产登记的法定职责及所遵循的程序而言,不动产登记又具有行政行为的特点。

不动产登记的复合性导致由此引发的诉讼就应当根据诉讼标的而区分民事或行政诉讼程序。涉不动产登记民事诉讼的诉讼标的应当是针对不动产物权的归属或原因行为(买卖、赠与、抵押等基础法律关系);涉不动产登记行政诉讼的诉讼标的针对的是登记行为本身,即在行政诉讼中人民法院审查的是登记行为的合法性。

当然,根据《行政诉讼法》第61条的规定,在涉及登记的行政诉讼中,当事人申请一并解决相关民事争议的,人民法院可以一并审理。这一规定的目的是为了完善民事争议和行政争议交叉时的处理机制,便于纠纷的一次性解决,方便当事人诉讼,并未改变相关争议的民事纠纷性质,对此应当有正确的认识。

这位记者朋友提到的第二个问题,我们也注意到了。《中共中央国务院关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见》中提到了新建住宅要推广街区制,原则上不再建设封闭住宅小区;已建成的住宅小区和单位大院要逐步打开,实现内部道路公共化。正像有关部门所介绍的那样,封闭住宅小区是农耕时代的产物,我们现在已经处于21世纪工业化、信息化和新型城镇化的新时代,推进现代化城市建设需要我们有新的理念和探索。我们认为,上述举措的目的是为了实现物和有关资源效益的最大化,这是一个非常具有前瞻性的、与时俱进的城市发展理念,是贯彻落实十八届五中全会提出的五大发展理念中的共享发展理念的体现,也是落实中央城市工作会议的重要举措,符合当今世界的潮流和发展趋势,对于推进城市现代化具有重要指导意义。目前,党中央、国务院提出的这一意见属于党和国家政策的层面,涉及包括业主在内的有关主体的权益保障问题,还有一个通过立法实现法治化的过程。作为人民法院,我们将密切关注,并积极应对。

责任编辑:赵逸 CN039
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