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史上首次!刚刚美元“霸权”遭遇重大挑战

2017-08-09 07:50:47   小白读财经

美元“霸权”地位遭遇另类挑战!

印度尼西亚商务部8月7日宣布,将用咖啡、棕榈油、茶叶等诸多商品置换11架俄制苏-35战斗机,有市场人士预计,这次俄罗斯提供的军机总价值达到9.13亿美元。

俄罗斯此次“以物易物”是作为报复美国此前制裁的一次反制。

根据媒体报道,25日美国众议院通过了对俄新制裁法案,按照新法案俄罗斯军工企业、能源行业、银行等众多企业和个人被指控为干预去年的美国总统大选,列入新制裁名单。受到制裁的俄银行最长融资期限减少到14天(此前30天),能源企业减少到60天(此前90天)。

无论如何,这是俄罗斯采用“以物易物”回避美元霸权的第一次尝试,开启了主要国家挑战美元“霸权”的新尝试。

以物易物是古代十分盛行的交易方式,人们通过以物易物各取所需,明代郑和下西洋时,以中国丝绸、瓷器、茶叶换取当地珠宝、香料、药材等就是典型的以物易物,在当时的条件下,这种以物易物的模式促进了海上贸易的发展,但是1821年金本位制确立以后,黄金作为一般等价物被广泛用于国际贸易结算,“以物易物”模式哨声匿迹。

二战以后的布雷顿森林会议确立了美元和黄金挂钩,美元正式成为国际贸易的基准货币,其他各国的汇率紧盯美元,美元霸权地位走上巅峰。

美元霸权地位表现在:

1、世界贸易结算中主要采用美元,美元在全球货币支付市场中占比超60%。

2、从国际法律层面上,国与国之间的货币一般不允许直接交换,外汇交易中美元占比超90%。

3、各国的汇率涨跌一般都是参照美元,形成美元上涨,其他货币贬值的循环。

而美联储作为美元的印钞机构,它的一举一动将牵动整个世界,通过美元霸权,美国获得了巨大的经济利益,但也对其他国家经济产生不小的影响。

1、通过印美元使美国获得了巨额的铸币税,以100美元为例,如果印钞的成本是1美元,那么剩下的99美元就是全世界向美国缴纳的铸币税。

2、由于其他国家的汇率都是盯住美元,一旦美国采取紧缩性货币政策(加息、缩表等)那么其他国家不可避免地被动加息,否则资本外流产生的货币贬值难以避免,过去几年就出现阿根廷、委内瑞拉、埃及的国家货币崩盘。

3、美国可以轻言动用在国际机构的影响力,对其他国家进行制裁,2014年后,万事达等国际清算平台毫无预兆地停止对俄罗斯主要银行的客户服务,导致俄罗斯外贸结算受到严重挑战。

为了对抗美元霸权地位国际上采用的主要方式是降低美元在国际结算中的比例,然而国际间货币太多,其他主要国家的货币并没有能够做到独当一面的地步,而小国间的货币不被承认,美元作为“A国-美元-B国”之间的国际贸易交易模式仍然不可替代,同时国际间也需要一个稳定的货币作为硬通货,所以一直难以撼动美元地位。

以物易物的出现将作为挑战美元的新模式,国际上的贸易归根到底是物与物(服务)间的价值交换,美元在这当中的作用无非是确定价值,避开美元将让其在这当中的作用荡然无存,对于此次的以物易物未来将会获得越来越多国家的效仿,对于美元霸权地位无疑是重大打击。

这于这次以物易物,俄副外交部长里亚布科夫直言:俄罗斯将加速摆脱对美元国际清算制度的依赖。

责任编辑:高宗影 CN060
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