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犯罪分子在暗网用比特币等加密货币支付逃避监管

2017-07-27 11:49:02   中国经济网

近日,国际执法部门在一起全球网络犯罪联合调查中,打掉了名为“阿尔法湾”和”汉萨”的两个被称为“暗网”的非法网上黑市,每月在上面交易的毒品、淫秽物品及武器价值数千万美元。共有来自美国、荷兰、泰国、加拿大、英国、法国等国家的数十个政府监管部门参与了打击活动。

美国司法部长塞申斯事后在华盛顿举办的新闻发布会上表示:“这可能是今年最重要的刑事调查之一,史上规模最大的暗网市场被打掉了。这些犯罪组织认为,它们可以通过暗网不受惩罚地实施犯罪。”不过,他也承认,执法机构正面临来自跨国犯罪组织的新挑战。阿尔法湾是全球规模最大的暗网商城,汉萨位列全球第三。

所谓暗网,是一类经过加密的网站,它们躲藏在互联网海底的深处,普通用户无法访问,只有通过匿名代理工具才能访问这些隐藏的网站,其中一种叫做Tor的代理工具可以接入3万个暗网,流量占整个互联网流量的3.4%。

在不受监管的暗网世界,充斥着军火、毒品、色情和财务诈骗等非法交易。根据欧洲刑警组织的一份声明,阿尔法湾自2014年创立以来,已累计成交超过10亿美元。近年来在多个国家发生的毒品和枪支致人死亡事件中,调查者都发现了暗网的角色。

2016年3月,中国警方根据美方提供的线索,查处一起利用网络传播儿童淫秽信息案件,并摧毁隐藏在背后的犯罪团伙,以及长期诱骗性侵儿童,制作淫秽视频、图片在网上贩卖牟利的罪恶产业链。

参与办案的中国网警对媒体表示:“看到这么多中国儿童从小就进入噩梦,我们每个办案民警既愤怒又难过,无法言表。能想象到的(犯罪活动)这里都有,只凭借传统的侦查手段根本无法发现。”

暗网还为恐怖分子提供了招募人员、购买武器的秘密渠道。联合国专家组向联合国安理会提交的报告中警告说,“伊斯兰国”、“基地”等组织使用暗网招募外国成员,策划发动袭击,其加密信息即便水平最高的安全机构也无法破解,各国政府应对此保持警觉。

去年5月,执法人员开始调查阿尔法湾,发现了上面非法药品和化学品的交易条目超过25万个,失窃身份证和信用卡数据的交易条目超过10万个。而其创办者兼管理员25岁的加拿大人亚历山大·卡兹在泰国生活,拥有多辆豪车和多处豪宅。

今年7月4日,调查人员关闭了阿尔法湾。7月5日,卡兹被泰国当局逮捕关押。美国检方以毒品交易、洗钱、盗用身份等罪名对他提出指控,不过,卡兹在12日羁押候审期间自杀身亡。

在阿尔法湾被打掉以后,地下非法交易迅速聚集到汉萨,致后者交易量激增。7月20日,荷兰等多个国家宣布永久性关闭汉萨,价值200万欧元的比特币被查没。

实际上,无论是阿尔法湾还是汉萨,都不是最早的暗网,早在2013年10月,美国联邦调查局就查封了一个专门以比特币交易进行武器和毒品买卖的网站“丝绸之路”,该网站同样只能通过Tor连接,网站的创建者罗斯·乌布利希因鼓励兜售毒品、洗钱、攻击计算机等罪名,被判处终身监禁。

虽然各种暗网黑市层出不穷,但是它们都有一个共同特点,那就是使用比特币或其他加密货币支付。

比特币是2009年从网络极客论坛上出现的一种虚拟加密货币,不同于以往的虚拟电子货币,其解决了没有中央清算机构条件下的结算难题,使得不需要依赖银行就能完成支付过程。从而避开了整个现行金融体系,以及任何形式的监管,因此受到网上黑市的青睐。

卡内基梅隆大学的一份研究报告指出,犯罪分子在暗网每年所获得利润约有1亿美元。暗网中通行的虚拟货币比特币,不需要信用卡和银行账户信息就能完成交易,能够进一步逃脱监管。

责任编辑:马丽丽 CL0938
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