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宋国友:过度保护主义凸显美国不自信

2018-05-28 08:56:11   环球时报

原标题:宋国友:过度保护主义凸显美国不自信

美国日前宣布将向欧洲和日韩对美汽车出口发起“232调查”,此举引来德法意等相关国家一片反对之声。这是美国政府借助国内法对外发起单边贸易保护的最新案例,凸显特朗普继续以他极具个性的方式来贯彻美国利益优先的理念。

此前,特朗普政府就以“国家安全”为由对国外输美钢和铝产品发起“232调查”。如果说在某种程度上,钢和铝具有一定的战略性而具有国家安全意义,那么汽车实在和“国家安全”没有关系。

美国进口大量汽车,主要原因是其他国家汽车比美国汽车更具竞争力,是美国消费者自主选择的结果。这种竞争力往往体现在价格、质量、环保等方面。事实上,连美国汽车业都非常理性地承认其与国外汽车行业的差距,并力图采取各种改革来增强竞争力。特朗普政府却忽视行业层面的微观竞争基础,祭出“国家安全”的大旗,试图以关税的手段来限制国外汽车对美国的出口。

强调“美国利益优先”可以理解,但是华盛顿实在不应该接连以自私自利的方式来实现这一目标。在贸易领域的种种单边行为,既难以真正让本国经济受益,也损害了美国国际经济的领导力,甚至还破坏了世界贸易机制的良性运行。

保护主义的方式,看起来会让美国相关行业在关税的保护下获得一定的竞争优势,但这种保护长期而言,却是让相关行业丧失对于进口产品的竞争力。美国对国际经济的领导力,最关键的是开放自身的市场,但华盛顿现在是利用自身的市场来威胁其他国家,降低了美国市场开放的公信力。因此,基于市场的美国领导力遭受当前政策的伤害。世界自由贸易体系作为一种“公共产品”,是各国共同参与和努力的结果,不是美国一家的私有产物,特朗普政府不断侵蚀世界自由贸易体系,从而损害了其他国家的正当利益。

针对外国汽车的“232调查”即便最终落地,对美国而言,不过是几十亿美元的“利益”。这一政策的着眼点,更多还是在美国国内政治。

11月份就要进行中期选举,特朗普要帮助共和党守住在国会参众两院的多数席位。如果输掉中期选举,特朗普将提前进入“跛脚”状态。更为关键的是,如果失去了共和党控制的国会的保护,特朗普现在面临的各种调查恐怕也会加速推进。民主党绝不会放过国会这一平台,对特朗普穷追猛打。如果能够通过“232调查”以及其他各种贸易保护主义政策,赢得更多选民的支持,维持共和党在国会的多数席位,特朗普就必须一搏。

中国等国家不断在关税上做“减法”,美国却在做“加法”;中国等国家不断地在开放本国市场,美国却在日益保护本国市场;中国等国家不断维护多边贸易机制的权威,美国却在不断地伤害多边贸易机制的尊严。这种变化固然有特朗普总统个人的因素,更根本的则反映了美国在相对衰落过程中的战略不自信,以至于要借助过度的自我保护来维护自身利益。美国必须意识到,只有通过真正的经济和政治改革,才能巩固美国的国际竞争力。(作者是复旦大学美国研究中心副主任)

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