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美国与伊朗关系再趋紧张

2018-05-24 08:11:14   新华网

5月21日,美国国务卿蓬佩奥发表其上任后首个对伊朗政策演讲,向伊朗提出12项要求,作为停止制裁伊朗的条件。伊朗方面随即做出回应,表示美国提出的“苛刻要求”不可接受。22日,美国财政部宣布制裁5名伊朗人,自美国退出伊核协议后,美财政部已经发起多轮针对伊朗的制裁。分析认为,美国单方面退出伊核协议,并不断威胁对伊朗实行“最严厉制裁”,给日趋紧张的美伊关系蒙上了一层阴影。美国的举动不仅遭到伊朗的强硬反对,连美国的欧洲盟友也批评美国的对伊政策,强调伊核协议“没有替代品”,并呼吁继续维护该协议。

美国——

  伊朗必须要改变当前路线

蓬佩奥5月21日在美国智库传统基金会发表题为“退出之后: 新的伊朗政策”的演讲。蓬佩奥在讲话中称,美国不会考虑重新对伊核协议进行磋商,而是对伊朗提出了12项要求,包括中止弹道导弹计划、放弃插手叙利亚和也门的事务、停止在中东地区的军事行为、大幅削减核武计划等,作为停止制裁的条件。

蓬佩奥还威胁称,美国将采取一切必要手段阻止伊朗恢复铀浓缩活动,并“粉碎”其在叙利亚等地的军事行动。蓬佩奥称,如果伊朗不能满足美国的要求,美国将对伊朗施以“史上最严厉的经济制裁”,直至伊朗作出改变为止。

美国财政部22日宣布制裁5名伊朗人,指责他们“向也门胡塞武装提供与弹道导弹相关的技术支持”。美财政部当天发布声明称,被制裁的伊朗人与伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队“圣城旅”和伊朗弹道导弹项目有关,“他们的行为使得胡塞武装可以向沙特阿拉伯的城市和石油设施发射导弹”。美国退出伊核协议后,已经先后宣布针对伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队、伊朗央行行长等实体和个人实施多轮制裁。这些制裁措施遭到伊朗的激烈反对。

曾任奥巴马防止核扩散事务特别顾问的沃尔夫斯塔尔表示,蓬佩奥阐述的特朗普政府对伊朗政策其实只是简单罗列了美国的“愿望清单”,然而考虑到美国政府过去一年多在国际事务中屡屡失信的表现,美国将难以说服欧洲盟友参与对伊朗施加“前所未有的金融压力”。

伊朗——

  美国的苛刻要求不可接受

对于蓬佩奥的言论,伊朗总统鲁哈尼第一时间发表讲话,称美国的“苛刻要求”不可接受,表示伊朗绝不会屈服。鲁哈尼说:“你认为你是谁,能代表世界替伊朗和其他国家做决定。今天全世界不会再接受美国替他们做出的决定”。伊朗武装部队总参谋长则回应称,伊朗已经做好了捍卫自己主权和领土完整的准备。

美国的欧洲盟友也在第一时间对蓬佩奥的演讲提出批评。欧盟外交和安全政策高级代表莫盖里尼21日深夜发表声明抨击蓬佩奥关于伊朗的演讲,强调伊核协议没有替代品。声明说,蓬佩奥的演讲并没有说明,美国退出伊核协议,如何让地区安全形势变得更好以及如何使伊朗问题变得更容易解决。她重申欧盟在伊核协议上的立场,即只要伊朗遵守其核承诺,欧盟将继续“完全和有效地”实施核协议。莫盖里尼强调,伊核协议不可替代,维护伊核协议对地区和世界和平稳定至关重要。

此前,欧盟委员会提议重启一项尘封多年的反制裁条例并计划采取其他多项措施,以保护欧洲企业免受美国对伊朗制裁的影响。

“这根本不现实。他无异于要求伊朗单方面投降”,大西洋理事会伊朗问题专家芭芭拉·斯拉文强调说。美国有线电视新闻网的报道则称,蓬佩奥的对伊新政策就是一个幻想,没有任何可行性。

舆论——

  不断施压不会使伊朗屈服

蓬佩奥的对伊政策演讲引发了国际舆论的巨大争议和批评,被称为是不现实的,同时还缺乏明确的策略。分析认为,蓬佩奥的最新表态给美伊关系的未来蒙上了一层阴影,如果美伊不能妥善解决横亘在两国之间的分歧,有可能会招致更加严重的后果。

美国消费者新闻与商业频道的报道分析称,蓬佩奥不切实际的“最后通牒”,使得美伊紧张关系升级的风险加剧。此外,蓬佩奥的表述,可能预示着美国会越来越多地依靠武力解决伊核问题,这将是十分危险的、会带来灾难性后果的严重错误。报道还称,对伊朗不断施压,不会使伊朗屈服,更不会使美国更加安全。

布鲁金斯学会外交政策项目副主任苏珊·马洛尼则认为,从蓬佩奥演讲的字里行间,只有一种合理的解读,那就是美国正寻求对伊朗实施“政权更迭”战略,这不仅将加剧美伊关系紧张,而且也会令欧洲盟友与美国更加疏远,这一战略的可行性和有效性存在巨大的疑问。

英国《金融时报》发表评论说,华盛顿方面似乎认为,单单依靠它在本月早些时候决定废除伊核协议以及单方面实施的制裁,就足以迫使伊朗改变其行为。然而,了解伊朗的人谁也不认为这一切会变为现实。(高 石 黄培昭)

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