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司法也要保护“黑老大”财产权

2017-09-08 14:27:29   新京报

曾经,我们习惯将人简单地划分为“好人”和“坏人”。“坏人”就应该彻底打倒,并剥夺其一切权利。这种想法,违背现代法治理念。

据新京报报道,曾先后担任过本溪市政协委员和鞍山市人大代表的袁诚家,因“涉黑社会”等6项罪名于2015年被法院终审判处有期徒刑20年。袁今年向公安机关提起了一宗高达37亿余元的国家赔偿。近日,辽宁省公安厅做出赔偿决定书,决定返还袁诚家被扣的各项财产以及相关利息共计6.79亿元。

不是冤假错案也能获得国家赔偿,而且还是天文数字,这似乎与很多人对国家赔偿的观感不相一致。尤其当赔偿申请人还是一位已经法院认定的“黑老大”,这笔赔偿费用更让不少围观群众在情感上难以接受。但对当事人袁诚家来说,获赔数额与索赔数额相差甚远同样不能接受,他还向公安部提出了复议申请。

基于不同视角的不同评判,固然是多元化社会的常态。但当我们将“身份本位”还原为“契约(法律)本位”,就不难理解,“黑老大”并不是国家赔偿的门外客,他的财产权同样受法律的保护。

曾经,我们习惯将人简单地划分为“好人”和“坏人”。“坏人”就应该彻底打倒,并剥夺其一切权利。但在法治重建以来,这种单一思维已逐渐远去,去“脸谱化”并不排斥人们对某一个人的不同喜好,同时更尊重当事人依法所享有的全部合法权利和责任。

如果我们将袁诚家的“黑老大”标签先去除,再问一位公民有没有财产权?答案是有。如果是一位正在服刑中的罪犯有没有财产权?答案仍然是有。当然,前提是,当事人的合法财产才受国家法律保护。以侦查中的扣押为例,在侦查活动中发现的可用以证明犯罪嫌疑人有罪或者无罪的各种财物、文件,应当查封、扣押;而与案件无关的财物、文件,就不得查封、扣押。这在《刑事诉讼法》上有明文的规定。

也恰恰是针对犯罪嫌疑人或被告人财物的查封、扣押等强制措施,在司法实践中屡屡成为焦点。对涉案财物的监管,规范层面的对策这十几年来就没少过。2015年,《公安机关涉案财物管理若干规定》就进行了大修,其中明确要求“各级公安机关严格涉案财物查封、扣押、冻结等程序”。

从程序上观察,涉案财物不同于“赃款赃物”,它仅仅表明与案件具有某种关联。涉案财物未被法院最终认定为“赃款赃物”之前,除非发生了法律明文规定的情形,原则上它是不能被处分的。查封、扣押、冻结、扣留等,都只是对涉案财物的临时性措施,不是具有终局性的处理决定。

而正如前面所称的人物“脸谱化”,不少国人(包括一些侦查、司法人员)习惯于从“坏人”的角度去评价一个人的权利,这就造成了嫌疑人、被告人或犯罪人的财产权容易受到侵犯。比如说,有种观念就认为,只要是“黑老大”的财产,那就是“赃款赃物”。反正将来都要予以没收,何不一开始就全都查封、扣押了。殊不知,这正是容易引发国家赔偿申请的常见违法。

司法需要去“脸谱化”,这是法治的内在要求。一个“黑老大”得到了巨额国家赔偿金,关键并不在“黑老大”,而在当年的侦查人员对“黑老大”的侦查行为有无严格依法、规范执法。

责任编辑:陈倩 CN030
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