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中国证券报:完善制度 根治A股“退市难” 顽疾

2017-09-26 07:32:56   中国经济网

新都酒店近日提起行政诉讼,要求撤销深交所作出的终止公司上市的决定,引发市场对退市制度的讨论。

《关于改革完善并严格实施上市公司退市制度的若干意见》于2014年10月发布,被称为“史上最严退市新规”。这一制度实施以来,退市股票的数量有所增加,但整体退市率仍较低。

退市率低的原因并非A股上市公司优于其他市场的公司,而是“退市难”。一些本应退市的上市公司借助各种手段规避退市的命运。例如,通过变卖资产、资产重组、“报表重组”等方式实现盈利。有的公司通过会计手段,财务报表在连续两年巨亏后实现第三年盈利,从而规避退市。

这些情况的存在导致A股在很大程度上被视为“只进不出”。部分投资者对“垃圾股”有炒作预期,间接造成“退市难”。此外,上市公司退市还牵涉地方政府、债权人等多方利益。

强化刚性退市是完善退市制度的关键。刚性退市要求严格信息披露,杜绝人情后门,做到程序性退市,应退必退。例如,出于地方经济发展、税收收入以及名誉等考虑,地方政府希望推动当地明星企业上市,不愿看到当地上市公司退市。应改变行政力量对资本市场“入口”、“出口”的干扰。

同时,应确定全方位、多元化的强制退市标准。

目前A股强制退市制度中的数量化标准较宽松,指标单一。例如,对于“连续亏损三年”的规定,上市公司可以通过盈余管理来规避,“亏两年赚一年”。对此,可以通过引入多元化的交易指标、财务指标对上市公司进行多维度全方位考察,杜绝打擦边球蒙混过关的情形。一个有效的强制退市制度应强化交易指标,明确财务指标,细化退市程序,并给予触及强制退市标准的公司整治和重新达到标准的机会,同时严惩存在欺诈行为的上市公司。此外,退市标准应具体、明确,具备多样性和操作性,退市程序兼顾效率和节奏,注重公平性和灵活性,提升退市制度的有效性。

应建立退市赔偿机制,保护投资者合法权益。退市制度的设计和完善应向保护中小投资者合法权益倾斜。对于因上市公司违规等原因造成的退市,应建立投资者赔偿机制。

作为资本市场一项重要的基础性制度,退市制度不仅能使资本市场进行正常的新陈代谢,而且有利于提高上市公司整体质量,从源头上保护中小投资者切身利益。只有不断完善退市制度,才能真正解决退市率低、“退市难”等问题,退市制度改革红利才能惠及股市。

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