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“猪周期”与生猪期货
2017-09-18 09:16:43 中国经济网
适时推出生猪期货是推动生猪产业稳定运行的重要选项
我国是世界上最大的生猪养殖、猪肉生产与消费大国。数据显示,2016年我国生猪出栏6.85亿头,猪肉产量5299万吨。在整个肉类消费结构当中,猪肉消费比例超过60%。目前我国生猪养殖在新的产业政策和环保趋严形势下,正发生前所未有的变革。落后产能的淘汰、大量中小散户的持续永久性退出、行业集中度和规模化程度不断提高等,都是本轮“猪周期”呈现出的新特点。
中国特色“猪周期”
“猪周期”是一种经济现象,指的是“价高伤民,价贱伤农”的周期性猪肉价格变化怪圈。其循环轨迹一般表现如下图所示。由于猪肉市场价格是当前供求关系的反映,而供求关系在未来一定时期内可能发生的变化并不能超前反映出来,养殖户只能根据当期市场价格安排来年的养殖量。正常情况下,本期的养殖规模决定了下一期的供应规模。鉴于猪肉这种畜产品生产周期长、无法中途变更的特性,多数养殖户对售价和来年收益的预期以及计划调整,始终比市场进程“慢半拍”,因而经常陷于“猪周期”的无限循环当中。
图为猪周期循环示意
“猪周期”的形成因素
在由饲料、种猪、商品猪和猪肉产品构成的生猪产业链中,商品猪价格波动最为明显。导致这方面的原因一是养猪行业集中度低,“千家万户养猪”的历史由来已久,市场信息不对称,生产具有盲目性;二是养殖行业壁垒很低,且散养户比例大,出入市场的自由度和弹性大,非常容易追涨杀跌,投机性强,导致生猪价格跌宕起伏;三是养殖户在供需博弈中往往处于劣势,没有定价权;四是受生猪生长周期性影响,散养户多以当年市场价格安排下一年的生产,产量赶不上市场变动的节奏;五是疾病加剧产业波动,导致供应减少,大大推动猪肉价格上涨;六是信息监测预警机制不完善,由于生产分散、单位众多、难以普查、抽检又存在误差等问题,统计数据本身误差大。
我国近年来“猪周期”的新变化
2006年至今,国内养猪业共经历了三轮“猪周期”,分别是2006—2010年、2010—2015年,以及2015至今。前两轮形成原因主要受疾病影响,先是 2007年夏季全国爆发高致病性蓝耳病,后是2010年夏猪瘟、蓝耳病多发,2011年初口蹄疫和仔猪腹泻多发。可见重大疫病对生猪养殖具有灾难性打击,直接导致供应量急速减少,供小于求,进而催生猪价上涨,上涨持续一段时间则引发养殖户大量补栏导致产能过剩,供大于求猪价下跌。2015年以来的“猪周期”最大特点是基于环保因素,限养禁养区产能的永久性退出,带来母猪存栏长期筑底,猪价居高不下。 而当前生猪养殖业去产能,使养殖结构和行业格局都发生了前所未有的变化:首先,环保严要求成为常态,粪污无害化处理达标排放提高了行业准入门槛,中小散户被迫在这轮行业整合中退出养猪历史舞台;其次,众多饲料企业延伸到养殖端,开始大规模养猪,大型农牧龙头企业更是四处跑马圈地,积极布局养殖终端,其未来规划都是“数千万头”;最后,结合当地的地理条件和优势,区域性品牌企业、家庭农场、种养一体化的养殖模式受到提倡和政策扶持。在强调食品安全和追求品质猪肉的消费潮流中,这种“福利养猪”无疑将大受欢迎。总之,规模化趋势成为当今生猪及整个养殖业发展的战略取向。
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