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大宗商品上升周期形成 进入“慢牛”状态

2017-09-08 08:47:11   中国经济网

自2016年以来,大宗商品价格连续大幅上涨。市场监测数据显示,2016年12月份,全国大宗商品价格指数(CCPI)为127.13点,比年初上涨56%。2017年7月份价格指数继续高位运行,同比上涨21.6%。重要大宗商品类别中,今年7月份有色类价格指数同比上涨46.9%,钢铁类上涨34.5%,能源类上涨26.2%,矿产类上涨23.4%。

推动大宗商品价格上涨的诸多因素中,需求旺盛是最重要的因素。海关统计数据显示,2017年1至7月,全国5种重要大宗商品进口总量为9.27亿吨,同比增长10%,其中铁矿石进口量为6.25亿吨,增长7.5%,原油进口量为2.47亿吨,增长13.6%。中国是一个资源产品进口依存度较高的国家,大宗商品进口量的大幅增加,显示了国内需求确实旺盛。

大宗商品需求结构中,钢铁等黑色系列商品的国内需求尤其显著。根据统计数据测算,2016年全国粗钢表观消费量为7.09亿吨,比上年增长2%,出现转折性回升。2017年1至7月累计,全国粗钢表观消费提速至14.3%,其中7月份同比增长17.9%。按照这个趋势推算,2017年中国粗钢表观消费将比上年增长8%以上,凸显其旺盛增长局面。

近两年大宗商品价格之所以有较大幅度的上涨,与供给侧结构改革与“铁腕”环保措施的执行有一定关系,这两个因素从另一方面促进了供求关系的改善。但必须指出的是,这两个因素能发挥效应,其基础是市场需求旺盛,否则仅仅缩减产能,供应减量,而无国内消费的增长,势必陷入需求互为削减、价格持续下降的不良循环。

一般而言,大宗商品市场有三种形态:一种是稳定增长,价格温和扬升;一种是行情持续走低,陷于持续数年,甚至数十年的“阴跌熊市”;再一种是剧烈震荡,不断演绎短周期“过山车”行情。在以上三种市场形态中,第一种比较好,有利于资源产业链的健康可持续发展,稳定就业,提高企业盈利,增加国家税收,从根本上避免金融系统性风险,增添国民经济增长动力。第二种形态不太理想,会使得资源产业链企业慢性亏损、市场信心缺失而陷入低迷。其结果是各方面投资陆续离场,国家税收下降,企业债务违约,金融系统性风险逐步上升。而第三种形态最糟。“过山车”行情势必引发市场参与者的重大损失,引发行业投资与发展紊乱,进而损害国家税收基础,损害国民经济的稳定增长。所以,我们要维护第一种市场形态,尽可能避免第三种形态出现。

展望大宗商品后市,随着偏低价格水平向合理价位的“补涨”结束,下一阶段大宗商品市场将会呈现“慢牛”格局。所谓“慢牛”格局,一是大宗商品市场继续升温,价格总水平继续上涨,全年平均价格高出上年,而非下降,否则就非牛市;二是价格上涨呈温和态势,而不是暴涨,比如年度价格涨幅在3%左右。“慢牛”行情是中国大宗商品市场进入新的上升周期的新形态。

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