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盘和林:骗钱+伪需求 ICO无法真正带来价值投资

2017-09-05 07:42:13   中国经济网

9月4日,中国人民银行、中央网信办、工业和信息化部、工商总局、银监会、证监会和保监会7部门联合发布《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》(以下简称《公告》)。《公告》指出,近期国内通过发行代币形式包括首次代币发行(ICO)进行融资的活动大量涌现,投机炒作盛行,涉嫌从事非法金融活动,严重扰乱了经济金融秩序。本公告发布之日起,各类代币发行融资活动应当立即停止。

ICO是指企业或非企业组织在区块链技术的支持下首次发售代币,向投资人募集虚拟货币(一般为比特币、以太坊)的融资活动,是过去一年里加密货币、区块链和互联网金融市场上最热的概念。

从ICO的疯狂现实来看,国内的ICO存在涉嫌诈骗的行为,甚至还与传销如影随形。笔者认为,此次央行等7部门联合下发文件明确称其“涉嫌从事非法金融活动”,还从即日起叫停是恰当的,符合“穿透式监管”原则,是必要之举。

所谓“穿透式监管”,是透过金融产品的表面形态,看清金融业务和行为的实质,将资金来源、中间环节与最终投向穿透连接起来,按照“实质重于形式”的原则甄别金融业务和行为的性质,根据产品功能、业务性质和法律属性明确监管主体和适用规则,对金融机构的业务和行为实施全流程监管。

之前,学界和业界对ICO究竟是不是融资存在很大的争论。ICO通常以比特币等作为代币,并不是直接以人民币进行融资,而比特币等代币在我国认定是虚拟商品,不是法定货币。因此,有学者认为,ICO融的是代币,代币本身来讲是个物,它不是一种资本,而是一种资产,所以ICO应该是融物行为,或者叫物物交换行为。如果认定是物物交换,监管方面就比较宽松。

从表面来看,ICO所融到的只是“虚拟货币”,甚至被误认为是“融物”行为,但在“穿透式监管”的金融监管视角之下,却是不折不扣的金融活动。虽然比特币等是“虚拟商品”,在实际交易过程中还是“虚拟货币”,并不符合“物品”的属性,但ICO所融到的代币如比特币在市场上是能快速兑换成法定货币的。

事实上,各种ICO项目对投资者表述时也是按照融资的逻辑进行的,如果仅仅是“融物”,ICO的故事是讲不下去的。从国际上各国政府的态度来看,基本上将其视为一种创新融资活动。而在美国,ICO已经纳入到证券监管范围,就是按照金融活动来进行监管的。

央行此次文件中明确:代币发行融资是指融资主体通过代币的违规发售、流通,向投资者筹集比特币、以太币等所谓“虚拟货币”,本质上是一种未经批准非法公开融资的行为,涉嫌非法发售代币票券、非法发行证券以及非法集资、金融诈骗、传销等违法犯罪活动。

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