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上市公司风险管控新内容:防范被恶意做空

2017-09-02 07:25:56   中国经济网

■张燕玲 曹 超

今年以来,香港股市先后多家企业遭遇做空,甚至有的企业因此而停牌。尽管做空机构每次出手之前都做足了功课,但也不是每战必胜,做空阿里巴巴的操盘手今年以来损失了98亿美元,就是成功反击做空的典型案例。

自2013年“一带一路”倡议提出以来,我国企业在沿线国家的基础设施建设、投资和并购达到了前所未有的水平,承担者中绝大部分是上市公司。伴随着A股市场的逐步开放,以及“一带一路”建设的不断推进,需要警惕恶意沽空行为,在风险防范方面要增加一个新的内容,防止被恶意做空。

做空何以成了恶意做空?

与做多相对的做空,又称沽空、卖空,是股票、期货等市场的一种操作模式。做空是针对预期的未来“问题公司”,借入股票按目前价格卖出,待股价大跌后再买进归还,获取差价利润。其交易行为特点为先卖后买。从本质上说,这种交易模式初期的主观动机是追求利润。但在客观上却起到了识别股市欺诈、驱除骗子公司的作用,被称为“股市中的啄木鸟”。

在成熟的资本市场,做空是一种正常且重要的市场手段。诚然,作为倒逼上市公司规范治理、揪出资本市场害虫的“啄木鸟”,其能提高资本市场流动性,并通过纠正过高估值完善价格发现功能,从而降低市场波动。但是,做空机构毕竟不是国际金融市场的有效“监管者”,更不是国际公益组织,投机逐利是其永恒的目的。由于法律缺失,做空机构游离在监管灰色地带,也是损害投资者利益的“吸血鬼”。因此,在股市中,通常把那些恶意损害上市公司的不良行为称为“恶意做空”。

恶意做空模式的危害

近年在做空行业颇负“盛名”的“浑水”机构的做空模式一般包括以下几个步骤:第一步:精准筛选目标,然后实地调研,秘密收集信息,寻找漏洞。第二步:与对冲基金合作,提前潜伏入市,做好卖空准备。第三步:发布做空报告,制造看空舆论,引导市场。第四步:律师事务所代理集体诉讼索赔,会计师事务所拒绝对狙击目标进行审计,进一步打压股价,对冲基金平仓获利。做空机构的恶劣影响包括:

首先,恶意做空往往对企业的正常生产经营、公司治理带来恶劣影响。尽管丰盛控股等企业遭遇机构做空复牌后最终股价不降反升,但大多数企业被做空后往往在劫难逃。如今年3月份遭到浑水做空的辉山乳业,当天股价暴跌90%,而2010年11月份、2011年2月份和6月份被浑水做空的绿诺科技、中国高速频道和嘉汉林业最终只能以被迫退市有的甚至破产重组收场。中金研报分析了22个近年被做空的港股企业,指出无论被做空企业是否反击成功,被做空当天企业股价平均下降10%,如果企业存在无法澄清的财务问题,长期来看股价可能下降幅度过半,甚至因此被迫摘牌退市。

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