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货币资金,现金为王

2017-08-28 19:11:01   中国经济网

本刊特约作者 李国强/文

在任何格式的资产负债表里,排在第一项的永远是货币资金。资产是按照变现的便利性排列的,货币资金是最容易变现的资产,所以货币资金是排在第一位的最重要的资产。货币资金包括现金、银行存款和其他货币资金,有时候,所有的货币资金都被统称为现金。

能不能通过现金持有情况判断一家上市公司的质地呢?答案是肯定的。

 不差钱的中字头们

以2016年年报为例,手握现金超过1000亿元的A股公司共计11家,包括中国平安、中信证券这样的金融巨鳄,也有中国建筑、中国石化、上汽集团这样的定海神针。

这11家公司的货币资金占A股3000多家全部上市公司货币资金总额的25%。如果把范围扩大到前100名的上市公司,这不到3%的企业基本都是国字号,它们的货币资金占A股全部货币资金总额的58%。在未剔除金融行业数据的前提下,也能从某种意义上说明在融资成本越来越高的当下,现金高度集中在极少数国有企业。

中国平安的货币资金高达5697亿元,在A股多年排名第一,随着保险意识的提高,平安收保费收到手软。

排名第二的中国建筑虽然很有钱,但是应付账款也有4000多亿元,因为建筑业的特殊性,中国建筑不算真的有钱。排在第三位的中油资本有些特殊,它是中国石油的控股公司,本质上却是一家金融企业。中国石油属于央企里比较早涉足金融的,就像国外行业寡头最终都变成了金融企业一样,中石油借助中油资本实现了银行、保险等金融业的扩张。

没有全面从事金融业的中国石化排在第四名,1425亿元的货币资金主要来自其巨量的销售收入,在福布斯世界500强名单里,中国石化依靠3万多座加油站网点带来的海量销售收入多次排在中国公司的第一名。

但是从中国石化历年财报看,货币资金是从2014年后开始飙升的,恰恰与原油价格暴跌负相关。对此,中国石化在年报中解释:经营活动现金流同比大幅增长,投资支出同比下降,资金盈余较多。与此同时,由于来自母公司投资的锐减,中国石化的油服子公司—石化油服巨亏161亿元,成为A股“亏损之王”。

 现金如何分配

绝大部分现金充裕的排名靠前的巨无霸公司都实施了分红,如中国平安在2016年中期已分配股息每股0.20元,2016年年末继续分红,每股派发现金股息0.55元。横盘多年的中国石化2016年度分红方案为每10股派发1.7元,加上中期已派发股息每10股人民币0.79元,全年股息每股人民币2.49元,全年现金分红总额为301亿元。上汽集团则是每10股派发16.5元现金,超越了2015年10派12.3的方案。A股最大的分红大户是市值之王—贵州茅台,手握668.5亿元现金的茅台对公司全体股东每10股派发现金红利67.87元。

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