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信用风险如影随形 低评级民企个券或成债市“雷区”

2017-08-25 07:22:05   中国经济网

在基本面、政策面边际改善的背景下,近期银行间利率、信用债市场表现有所回暖。不过,投资者对于信用风险的担忧依然在很大程度上制约着信用债,特别是低评级个券的表现。

2017年以来,金融监管力度持续加大,银行间、交易所两大债券市场的信用债发行规模同比、环比均呈现下滑态势。同时,融资成本整体显著抬升。

联合信用评级有限公司数据显示,今年上半年银行间债券市场共发行信用债1640只,总发行额为18075.10亿元,同比减少41%。从类型上看,企业债92只,规模891.60亿元,同比减少54%;中期票据329只,规模3840.20亿元,同比减少34%;短期融资券950只,规模11068.90亿元,同比减少39%;定向工具269只,规模1945.40亿元,同比减少41%。

上半年银行间二级市场成交量亦大幅缩窄,企业债、中期票据和短期融资券成交量分别减少了64%、46%和55%。银行间信用债发行利率整体跳涨,平均较上年同期高出近150BP。其中,企业债、中票、短期融资券发行利率自2016年11月开始一路上行,至2017年6月分别达到6.15%、5.81%、4.96%,同比跳升了110.14BP、190.36BP、157.83BP。

这对自身实力偏弱和融资渠道较窄的民营企业来说,无疑雪上加霜。

“在2017年1月至6月违约的债券中,发行主体为民营企业的有7家,占全部违约主体的63.64%;合计发行债券数量12只,占全部违约债券的63.16%;合计违约金额91.30亿元,占全部违约金额的57.68%。”联合评级副总裁艾仁智说:“下半年信用等级不高,且进入回售期的信用债依然较多,共有217只总额达到1693亿元的债券将进入回售期,低评级企业债券发行人的再融资压力将继续攀升。”

业内人士提醒,投资者对产能过剩、处于行业下行周期以及经济结构单一、重工业化地区内非龙头企业债券要保持高度警惕;对于存在股权过于分散、经营过度依赖实际控制人、经营策略激进、核心资产转移等经营风险较大的企业,以及自身业务造血能力差、债务负担重、融资受阻的债券发行人,也需要格外关注。

“万达、宏桥、齐星、西王等风险事件曝光后,低评级民企作为债券发行主体更不受待见,质押借钱都十分费劲。部分机构为了做多收益,只能转而选择相对安全的低评级城投债以及低评级强周期个券。”华创证券固定收益分析师李俊江说。

中信证券资产管理业务总监黄德龙认为,投资者下半年应警惕的信用风险领域包括五个方面:连续亏损且扭亏无望,资产负债率高的僵尸企业;资源禀赋较差、负担较重地区的煤炭等资源型企业;过去一年未能成功在公开市场渠道融资的低等级企业;民营建筑企业、物流企业、非上市地产公司以及中小火电企业;某些信用文化缺失的地区产业债。

“就历史情况考量,在可以预见的未来,国企个券安全性将远远高于民企,国企和民企风险分化差异程度会进一步扩大。”一位商行交易员说。“未来对于民企个券表现不利的因素将逐步增加,包括融资渠道收窄、违约事件曝光、金融监管加强、债务滚动到期压力增大,现阶段民企债务风险大概率高于国企,市场投资情绪将更为谨慎。对于有择券需求的机构来说,建议关注行业地位显著的‘龙头’企业,或是流动性压力不大的民企,进行短线投资。”

黄德龙表示,现阶段,持中守正、加强风险排查仍是关键。买方信用研究的核心是要守住不发生信用风险的底线,加强对信用风险的排查,以多样化方式开展调研,提前过滤可能出现的负面风险应是重中之重。

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