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房利美:美住房抵押贷款标准更严 未来5年房价增速放缓

2017-08-24 07:12:29   中国经济网

每经记者 蔡鼎 高涵 每经编辑 文多

美国两大抵押贷款巨头房利美(Fannie Mae)和房地美(Freddie Mac),简称“两房”,共同建立了美国房地产贷款的二级市场。2008年,美国进入次贷危机最紧急时刻,难以为继的“两房”股价开始暴跌,2008年全年累计双双暴跌超过97%,走到了破产的边缘,后被美国财政部“救市”接管。

回顾过去几年,“两房”对自己的表现如何打分?如今,会采取怎样的策略降低风险,避免重蹈覆辙?作为半官方机构,对于美国房市,“两房”又如何判断?房利美经济战略研究小组(下简称“房利美研究组”)在接受《每日经济新闻》独家采访时指出,如今美国住房抵押贷款标准变得比过去更严,美国房市目前不存在泡沫,且经济大环境也没有恶化的迹象。

“两房”崩盘迫使政府出手救市

房地美和房利美均是由美国国会创建的政府支持企业,在美国住房金融体系中扮演着重要角色。

“两房”为美国房市提供流动性、稳定性和抵押贷款市场的购买力,主要业务都是在美国房屋按揭贷款二级市场中收购贷款,并通过向投资者发行机构债券或证券化的按揭债券,以较低成本集资,赚取利差。

《每日经济新闻》记者查阅“两房”2017第二季度财报发现,房利美二季度净利润达32亿美元;房地美二季度净利润16.64亿美元。而按照联邦政府救助“两房”的协议条款,“两房”应以股息形式按季将大部分利润上交美国财政部,其中,房利美在今年二季度已向美国财政部缴纳28亿美元的股息。

为何“两房”要向美财政部交付股息?这都源于当年的次贷危机。

2008年,美国房地产市场开始出现衰退,“两房”在2008年股价双双累计暴跌超过97%。次贷危机时期,“两房”拥有超过5万亿美元的抵押贷款证券和债务,而其中光是债务就有1.6万亿美元。

在次贷危机持续,房贷市场低迷、法院拍卖房屋大幅增加的情况下,美国财政部于2008年以总计1875亿美元的代价,接管了濒临破产的房利美和房地美。美国政府当时接管“两房”的举措也被形容为“数十年来规模最大的政府干预私有金融市场的行为之一”。

2010年6月16日,因股价以低于1美元的价格交易超过30天,“两房”应美国联邦住房金融局要求从纽交所退市。退市后,两房的股票继续在柜台交易(又称场外电子交易板)。

美国广播公司报道,如今“两房”仍占有美国房贷市场的半壁江山,控制了全美约半数的住房贷款。据彭博社8月初报道,美国联邦住房金融局(FHFA)发布报告称,年度“压力测试”结果显示,一旦爆发新的经济危机,“两房”可能需要近1000亿美元的纾困金。

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