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再谈余额宝:撼支付易 撼信用难

2017-08-21 17:48:48   中国经济网

两度下调最高限额后,余额宝上周又成了市场焦点。因为市场发现,尽管直接转入存在限制,但通过其他方式可以绕开,这甚至是一个余额宝自己都没有意识到的“后门”。而随着争论平息,余额宝和蚂蚁金服之间的关系,乃至蚂蚁金服更深层次的战略思维,都再次成了值得探讨的话题。

传统上,银行账户是整个金融系统的基础。一是不同银行账户之间的关联网络,也即支付网络,支撑起了整个社会的信用循环;二是连接银行和个人的银行账户,将整个社会的信用供给和需求连接起来。商业银行每一步的信用创造,都通过账户系统将影响传递到社会的各个层面。账户系统本身也是一个强大的再分配工具,它把社会的富余资金转化为银行负债,支撑银行在资产端的扩张。基于支付功能,银行账户获得了整个金融系统内独一无二的垄断地位,其他所有金融子行业都只能在此基础上进行构建。

如果我们通过银行账户购买货币基金,到期或赎回之后资金打回银行账户,大家不会觉得有什么异样。但从法律上讲,活期存款不完全等同于你所拥有的资金,因为活期账户是在银行购买的一份金融合同,账户余额事实上是双方终结合同的单次最大可提取额。不过,由于活期账户在支付方面有其他账户无法比拟的优势,久而久之市场就将活期账户余额等同于现金了。

余额宝的道理也一样,只是活期账户变更成了货币基金账户。从法律上讲,货币基金账户和活期账户属性一样,其本质都是金融合同。基于其在日常生活支付体验上的巨大便利性,我们通常也默认其他金融合同终止之后,资金自动购买或者转入这份合同,不信可去翻翻自己开通账户时跟支付宝签订的协议。

其实这种状况在很多其他金融合同中也能看到,比如大额可转让定期存单、银行承兑汇票等。这些工具能够满足一些大额资金随时变现的需求,也是各自细分市场上受到欢迎的金融产品。只是这些产品在可分割方面体验太差,不能跟持有人的日常支付需求对接起来。

一个在货币基金账户捆绑上便捷的网络支付体验,在大多数支付场景中成功替代了银行活期账户,其结果就是近几年以来规模的快速增长。虽然很多人也将余额宝的成功,视为中国利率市场化过程中的副产品,但不能否认支付体验在其中所起的作用,这也是余额宝跟其他货币基金相比规模如此悬殊的原因。货币基金快速膨胀对整个金融系统的冲击是另一个课题,若无限制,笔者相信余额宝后续的规模增长空间仍很大。

布局到此,蚂蚁金服事实上已获得了巨大的成功。但从架构上看,蚂蚁金服并不满足于在支付领域从商业银行蛋糕中切走一块,它还想在信用业务谋得一席之地。通过网商银行,它还在试图融合余额宝账户和一般银行账户之间的鸿沟,以期能够在自己的账户系统连接信用的供给方和需求方,就像前述银行账户所能做的那样。

但这个过程不会容易。因为信用业务和支付业务最大的不同,在于前者是一个重资本业务,而且是受到严格监管的牌照业务,有强大的社会外溢效应。这和互联网强调的轻资本、去监管化,是完全不同的方向。即便在蚂蚁金服体系内部,从支付向信用业务掩杀,也远比从旗下的一块民营银行牌照中谋求突围要容易得多,至少还可以走直接融资的路。另外,支付业务在市场变化累积到临界点后,会迎来几何级数的爆发,但信用业务永远是个细活,是一个熬人的过程,不是想做就能做大的。

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