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利用控制他人倒卖银行卡构成妨害信用卡管理罪

2017-08-21 08:22:32   中国青年网

当前,电信诈骗、洗钱犯罪等频发,很多犯罪团伙利用购买他人银行卡转移赃款,因持卡人与使用人脱节,侦查机关即使对涉案银行卡账户予以监控,追踪到了资金走向,仍无法追踪到使用人,导致案件突破陷入僵局。针对银行卡倒卖人利用控制他人进行银行卡买卖的犯罪行为,应当准确理解刑法中的“非法持有”,可认定为非法持有他人信用卡,构成妨害信用卡管理罪。

储蓄卡、银行卡属于“信用卡”。刑法规定的“信用卡”,是指商业银行或者其他金融机构发行的具有消费支付、信用贷款、转账结算、存取现金等全部功能或者部分功能的电子支付卡。借记银行卡具有消费支付、转账结算、存取现金的功能,属于刑法意义上的信用卡。

收购他人自愿出售的信用卡成立“非法持有”。根据《信用卡业务管理办法》第36条规定,信用卡仅限于合法持卡人本人使用,不得出租或转借信用卡及其账户。据此,出售信用卡更是不被允许,即使收购的是他人自愿出售的真实信用卡,由于出售行为的不合法,收购人无法取得合法持有依据,不影响“非法持有”的认定。

“非法持有”不限于物理接触上的“持有”。刑法对于“非法持有”要求应当不局限于物理接触上的“持有”,而是可以通过“实际控制”进行持有。如毒品、枪支等刑法禁止持有的物品,在行为人住所等其享有实际控制权的场所被查扣,即便行为人未对该物品有身体上的物理接触,仍可认定行为人的持有行为。

“曾经持有”可成立“非法持有”。在收购、转卖银行卡的过程中,行为人往往仅是“曾经持有”信用卡而非“现实持有”,即案发时行为人已通过倒卖出售将曾经持有的信用卡转移至他人处,未能当场缴获涉案信用卡。司法实践中,大量持有型犯罪都难以做到人赃俱获,但行为人的持有行为如有确实证据充分证明已实行,即已实现该行为的社会危害性,不影响“非法持有”的认定。

收购他人银行卡倒卖销售行为的危害性评价。根据刑法第177条之一第2款规定,“窃取、收买、非法提供信用卡信息罪”中只需窃取、收买或者非法提供1条有效信用卡信息即可构成犯罪,作为承载信用卡信息的实物载体,收购倒卖多张银行卡同样应评价为犯罪行为。

(作者单位:上海市闵行区人民检察院)

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