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中国研发激光“低空卫士”:专治“黑飞”无人机

2017-06-23 09:44:28   

近年来,以轻型/超轻型无人机、多旋翼、三角翼和航模、动力伞等为代表的低空、小型飞行器(下称“低慢小”)越来越多。资料显示,5月份西南、西北、中南地区机场共有19次无人机影响航班正常运行事件,给安全运行和旅客出行带来极大不便。

资料图:无人机。 杨帆 摄

除了威胁航班起降,“低慢小”还可能对国家安全造成危害。2014年法国境内有十座核电站遇到不明身份的无人机“偷窃”;韩国青瓦台上空多次出现无人机飞行并近距离拍照;2015年1月16日,一架“phantom”无人机突破“全球最严密的防卫网”,在美国白宫草坪上坠毁;4月22日,日本首相官邸上空发现无人机……

“‘低慢小’飞行器具有制作简单、成本低廉、易于获取、远程操控力强、难以被发现和处置的特点。”中国工程物理研究院(下称中物院)副总工程师范国滨说。

虽然今年6月1日起,国家民航局开展了无人机实名登记工作,但专家指出,正规厂家和合规用户的“无意干扰”可以控制,但恶意者的“黑飞”则是防不胜防。

为了解决“低慢小”威胁安全的问题,中物院组织单位成功研发了“低空卫士”系列激光拦截系统。

传统手段存在不足

据范国滨介绍,“低慢小”一般具有以下特点:低空——飞行高度大部分在500米以下;慢速——飞行速度一般在50米/秒以下;目标尺寸小——通常在1平方米左右,大量采用电池为动力,并且它们的飞行距离多数能达到5公里以上,载重也达到数公斤,大都是按预定程序自主控制飞行。

“低慢小”几何尺寸小和红外特征弱,再加上城市低空环境背景复杂,造成预警和跟瞄难度大。即使雷达和光电系统发现了它,由于距离近,预警时间短,机动性强,定位精度差,使用以导弹和高炮相结合的现代防空手段处置效率不高,有点像用大炮打蚊子,并且还有可能对地面和人群造成附带损伤,不适合在城市环境和重大活动中应用。

因此,“低慢小”目标的处置一直是安全保卫的难点。可以说,低空安防是一个世界性的难题。

目前,“低慢小”的发展极为迅速,这使得不法分子利用其进行非法肇事的可能性越来越大。当“低慢小”对重要区域或重大活动场所的安保构成威胁时,现在一般的应对方法主要依靠狙击手、速射炮进行拦截,或者靠空中撒网或直升机在空中捕获,目前也有了射频干扰装置,但这些手段成功率较低。

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