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风险披露不透明 资管机构须回归资管主业

2017-06-14 09:49:10   经济参考报

资产管理本质是“受人之托、代人理财”的信托业务。但在我国,资产管理业务和影子银行在很多语境中几乎是同一意思。相当规模资产管理业务借助通道机构实现监管套利,进而转化为传统银行信贷的“影子”。其中暴露出的资本抵补不充分、风险披露不透明、监管力度不充足,且风险传导链条长、交叉传染性高,已成为影响金融市场稳健运行的重要隐患。引导资产管理机构回归资产管理主业,已成为金融市场共识。

过去一段时间,我国资产管理业规模急剧膨胀。按照市场估计,目前我国总体资产管理业务规模在100万亿元。2016年末,我国商业银行理财规模在30万亿元体量,约为M2的1/5。据中国证券投资基金业协会数据,截至2016年末,证券公司资产管理业务中,2.48万只资管产品合计规模为17.58万亿元。相当规模的证券公司资产管理业务、基金子公司资产管理业务、信托计划属于通道业务,为商业银行表内同业投资和表外理财资金运用提供通道服务,并不负责资产管理业务实质风险,也不具体承担资产管理回报责任。

应该说,这些不承担回报责任的通道业务之所以大行其道,有商业银行表内外资产腾挪的原因,但与金融分业监管体制下监管套利有直接关系。传统金融分业监管以机构监管为核心,而对功能监管存有真空或薄弱环节,导致同一类型金融业务面临差异性监管规则。过去,如火如荼的银信合作理财在遭遇监管强约束后曾一度收缩,但金融市场很快就发现银证合作存在巨大潜力,并衍生出银证信、银基信等合作新模式。通道业务功能也在演进,小部分激进通道业务甚至从先前服务于信贷业务的“影子”角色,转变为服务于金融机构特定目的的“幌子”,如小部分隐匿不良资产、特殊交易等违法违规交易也借通道业务逃避金融监管和行政处罚。

当前我国金融市场通道业务被大量运用于资产管理实践,资金融出与融入方的交易被人为拉长,底层资产难以穿透,导致金融运行存在风险。而通道机构明示不承担项目风险管理责任,导致风险管理链条断裂,操作风险多发。特别是服务于资产管理业务的信托受益权和资产收益权缺乏规范性,相关权责不清晰,导致违约风险处置难度及复杂性显著增大。

欧美各国基本上都没有针对资产管理业务制定专门法律法规,相关监管措施散见于规范资本市场运作的各类法律文本中。但各国资产管理业务监管重点在于防范由信息不对称产生的代理人道德风险,维护委托人利益。通道业务明显背离资产管理业务本质,应当受到更加严格的规范和监管。

规范我国通道业务,必须要实现资产管理业务统一监管。这样,不同类型资产管理业务按照相同监管规则进行组织、运营和管理,既不存在监管套利可能,也无实质监管真空,原有银信合作、银证合作,乃至银证信、银基信等合作模式只会白白增加成本,通道业务也就失去了存在的基础。由此出发,金融市场才会自然选择抛弃通道业务,资产管理业务的影子才会大大缩小或消失,最终引导资产管理机构回归资产管理主业。

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