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市场煤与计划电问题待解 矛盾加剧或引发连锁反应

2017-06-12 17:39:12   经济参考报

原标题:市场煤与计划电问题待解 矛盾加剧或引发连锁反应

今年以来,宁夏某电厂的负责人越来越感到日子不好过。他算了笔账,过去一年多时间里,当地热值4500大卡/千克的煤炭价已由200元/吨多次涨到320元/吨,这一水平对应的企业发电成本为每千瓦时0.29元,而现在的上网电价是每千瓦时0.259元,还不包括参与电力直接交易给用电企业让利的三分钱,导致该电厂几乎每个月都要亏损1000万元。

《经济参考报》记者日前在多地调研发现,当前我国火电企业面临煤价成本普遍抬升的压力,加之火电去产能滞后于煤炭,煤电价格联动机制触发门槛高,煤电矛盾加剧引发连锁反应。在有关部门的频繁调控督导下,近日来一度高位运行的煤价持续向“合理区间”回落,但这并不意味着矛盾消弭,“市场煤”与“计划电”深层问题仍然待解。

火电哭了煤企笑了矛盾加剧伤及下游

煤电矛盾引发了一系列连锁反应。在煤价高企的形势下,火电企业参与电力直接交易的意愿下降,而且让利幅度也缩小,最终涨价的压力向下游传导,电力成本占比高的工业企业面临停产或减产的局面,生产意愿下降。

《经济参考报》记者根据Wind数据统计,与三年前几乎全线“业绩飘红”的情况相比,火电板块在2016年成为业绩下滑的“重灾区”,今年一季度这一态势仍在延续。在申银万国行业分类28家上市火电企业中,26家归属于母公司净利润同比下滑,有10家甚至亏损。

背后的原因都直指煤炭价格同比大幅上涨。中国电力企业联合会发布的《2017年一季度全国电力供需形势分析预测报告》显示,今年一季度煤炭消费需求明显好于上年同期,煤炭生产供应不足,原煤产量下降0.3%,煤炭进口量环比减少14.1%,各环节煤炭库存明显下降,电煤供应偏紧。电煤价格年初出现短暂回落,但回落时间和幅度都小于往年,2月下旬后再次上涨,作为煤市风向标的环渤海动力煤价格指数3月底达到606元/吨左右,与去年同期相比上涨了约60%,但电价却没能同步上涨。

火电企业哭了,煤炭企业却笑了。2015年,山西煤炭行业陷入全行业亏损,全年煤炭产量9.75亿元,盈亏相抵后亏损150多亿元,平均每挖一吨煤亏损十元钱。同期,山西电力行业实现盈利120多亿元。随着2016年去产能的推进,山西煤炭产量减至8.32亿吨,煤价恢复性上涨,全年行业盈利58亿元,吨煤利润升至七元钱;同期,山西电力行业盈利56亿元。

这种风水轮流转的局面并不是个例。Wind数据显示,今年一季度37家上市煤企中,除了安源煤业、安泰集团、*ST平能出现亏损外,其他都实现了盈利,归属于母公司股东的净利润同比增长100%以上的就有32家,八家更是净利大增23倍以上。

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