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朱启兵:中长期看黄金价格仍有上升空间

2017-05-17 17:27:17   

作者 朱启兵(中银国际证券首席宏观分析师、中新经纬特约专家)

由于近日美国公布的经济数据不佳,降低了投资者对美国经济增长的预期,美元指数受压大幅下跌,黄金价格则连涨四日。不过,美联储官员的态度显示,6月美国很可能迎来年内第二次加息。那么,黄金后续的表现又将如何?

在讨论黄金后续走势之前,首先需要明确的,是黄金投资价值的来源。黄金作为贵金属,其价值相对稳定,因此是避险资产的首选,而“避险”,主要针对的是市场的波动,或者说不确定性,即不确定性上升利于黄金价格。而黄金本身并不具有收益孳息,其收益完全来自价格波动。因此,利息可以视为持有黄金的机会成本。同时,在通胀形势下,黄金作为实物资产,其价值的稳定也能对冲通胀风险。因此,黄金价格与实际利率,即经过通胀调整的利率负相关。而通胀和名义利率同时上行时,黄金价格并不一定下跌。此外,从国际黄金价格看,作为一种美元计价的资产,美元的走势也对黄金价格具有影响;而从国内黄金价格看,人民币汇率对黄金价格同样具有影响。

那么,2017年,不确定性和实际利率的后续演变如何?

从不确定性看,尽管法国大选结果消除了欧洲上半年的不确定性。但是,2017年全球不确定性依然较多。如英国退欧后续结果仍有波折,英国大选以及德国大选。此外,地缘政治风险依旧不容乐观,朝鲜、中东均是可能的风险爆发点。政治局势的不确定性依然是黄金价格的支撑。

从利率走势看,伴随着全球经济的复苏和货币政策的变化,利率上行有所加快。美国2017年的加息进程明显快于2015年和2016年,6月很可能迎来二次加息,全年加息预计不少于三次。而欧洲央行4月起如期缩减QE规模,伴随着经济复苏趋势的明朗,欧洲央行正式调整利率的可能性也在上升。

不过,在利率上升的同时,全球通胀同样经历了一个上行过程。欧元区4月CPI已升至1.9%,距2%的中期目标只有一步之遥;美国CPI已经连续数月维持在2%以上,美联储更为看重的PCE物价指数4月为1.8%,离2%的中期目标也已不远。

那么,实际利率变化如何?考虑到美国在全球资金供给中的地位,以美国为例,如果以一年期国债收益率作为名义利率的代表,以CPI或PCE物价指数作为通胀指标,可以发现,2015年四季度以来,尽管美联储开始加息,名义利率上行,但实际利率却整体呈下行趋势。直到2017年3月,随着美联储的再次加息,实际利率才开始触底回升。即在通胀上行时,尽管名义利率上行,但实际利率未必一定向上。考虑到目前市场对美联储后续加息预期较为充分,名义利率在一定程度上已经反映了后续利率的上升。而尽管2017年以来,全球大宗商品环比下跌,但在全球经济复苏趋势明朗的背景下,后续全球通胀仍有上行空间,即实际利率往下的概率相对而言更大,利好黄金价格。

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