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一季度经济增速为年内高点

2017-05-06 08:46:20   

原标题:一季度经济增速为年内高点

■连 平 刘学智 

2017年4月份制造业PMI和非制造业PMI的下降与笔者之前预测方向是相符的,只是数值有一定偏差。制造业PMI为51.2%,比上个月下降0.6个百分点。制造业供需两端齐走弱,三大订单指数下降,生产指数年初以来首次回落。供需两端价格齐下降,主要原材料购进价格和工业出厂产品价格都有回落。4月份制造业扩张势头减弱,供需两端的需求和价格指数都有所回落。从制造业PMI运行状况来看,一季度经济增速为年内高点、全年增长可能出现前高后低的判断。

五大分项指数三降一平一升,整体扩张势头放缓。4月份制造业PMI五大分项指数中,高于荣枯线的有生产指数、新订单指数和供应商配送时间指数3个,分别为53.8%、52.3%、50.5%,其中生产指数和新订单指数分别下降了0.4个百分点、1个百分点,供应商配送时间指数上升0.2个百分点。原材料库存、从业人员指数低于荣枯线,其中原材料库存与上月持平,从业人员指数下降0.8个百分点至49.2%。制造业整体扩张势头放缓,生产和需求的走弱导致制造业用工量有所减少,补库存意愿下降。

供需两端齐走弱,生产指数扩张幅度收窄,三大订单指数全部下降。生产指数下降0.4个百分点至53.8%,是年初以来首次下降,但依然处于较好的扩张水平,依然是五大分项指数中最高的一个。从近期全国发电量来看,4月份六大发电集团日均耗煤量为64万吨,比去年同期增加了9万吨,但比3月下降了1.5万吨。从能源消耗来看,企业生产比去年同期活跃,但比一季度有所放缓。

新订单、新出口订单、在手订单指数分别为52.3%、50.6%、45%,分别比上个月下降了 1个百分点、0.4个百分点、1.1个百分点。国内外订单指数都有下降,表明市场需求走弱。由于经济增长存在的内外压力并没有真正消去,一季度的复苏主要靠基建和房地产两大类投资的老路子以及出口的增长,增长根基并不牢固。当前传统需求的走弱表明并未形成经济增长新周期,预示一季度经济回暖势头可能难以长期维持。

购进价格和产出价格显著下降,供求关系出现变化。4月份原材料购进价格指数大幅下降7.5个百分点至51.8%,自去年8月份以来首次降至52%以内,是本月制造业PMI下降的重要原因。4月份大宗商品价格综合指数回落至420点左右,农产品、金属类、工业原料类价格指数都有下降。初级产品输入端价格下降,原材料购进价格指数已经连续4个月回落。近期中钢协综合钢材价格指数下降至88.57点,几乎所有钢材价格都有下降,呈冲高回调特点。3月份PPI出现高位回调,同比涨幅缩小0.2个百分点至7.6%,4月份可能进一步下降至6.6%。近期大量初级产品和工业中间产品价格快速回落有年初产量上升的原因,也有货币政策调整带来的流动性收紧原因,虽然并不能证明当前需求急剧走弱,但反映市场供求关系出现变化,经济增长动能可能有减弱的迹象。

不同类型企业的景气状况分化显现明显收敛。分企业规模看,大型企业PMI为52%,比上月下降1.3个百分点;中型企业PMI为50.2%,下降0.2个百分点;小型企业PMI为50%,比上月上升1.4个百分点。制造业PMI小型企业指数是近2个月三大类企业中唯一上升的一类,并且回升幅度较大,2个月合计回升了3.8个百分点。去年三大类型企业景气状况出现明显分化,今年初以来大型企业PMI下降,中型保持平稳,小型企业PMI大幅回升,分化显现逐渐收敛。

非制造业PMI下降的主要原因是服务业扩张速度放缓。4月份非制造业PMI为54%,比上个月下降1.1个百分点,保持在较好的扩张水平。服务业PMI下降1.6个百分点至52.6%,是非制造业PMI下降的主要原因。服务业新订单指数下降2个百分点至49.7%,是去年9月份以来首次跌入收缩区间,表明当前服务业需求明显走弱。建筑业运行稳健,建筑业PMI上升1.1个百分点至61.6%。基础设施建设及京津冀一体化发展推进对建筑业起到提振作用,建筑业新订单指数上升2.1个百分点至55.4%。

(连平系交通银行首席经济学家,刘学智系交通银行金融研究中心高级研究员)

——4月份PMI数据点评

(责编:孔海丽、伍振国)

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