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评论:苏格兰为何总跟英国闹“分手”

2016-11-01 15:50:39   经济参考报

“哈格斯”和悠扬的风笛、浓郁民族风的方格裙一样,成为苏格兰努力将自己与英格兰区别开来的标志之一。几乎在爱丁堡的每个餐馆,都能找到“哈格斯”。苏格兰人会自豪地对你说,好好体验一下“苏格兰自己的独特味道”。

在爱丁堡一家有400年历史的小餐馆,玻璃窗把苏格兰阴郁的冬天和幽怨的古堡都锁在屋外。侍者把这道热气腾腾的“国菜”端到我面前。“哈格斯”由绵羊的心、肝、肺、肠剁碎后加入燕麦、高汤等,包进羊肚煮制而成,和中国的羊杂碎异曲同工。苏格兰伟大诗人罗伯特·彭斯曾特意为他家乡的名菜“哈格斯”赋诗。

羊毛曾在英国工业革命中占据着特殊的地位。600年前,航运能力的显著提高和新航道的开辟促进了英国对外贸易,曼彻斯特和格拉斯哥纺织厂里的织梭上下翻飞,机器轰鸣。羊毛作为原材料,价格不断上涨引发了英国贵族们的“圈地运动”,比起将土地租给佃农,养殖绵羊可以给土地主带来更多的利润,于是“圈地运动”将英国的农民从土地上驱离,“羊吃人”的怪事成为工业革命的前奏。18世纪,圈地运动扩展至苏格兰,如今美国、加拿大等地众多苏格兰裔的先人们当年就是被肥硕的绵羊们逼去新大陆求生的。

1707年,英格兰王国与苏格兰王国联合结成大不列颠王国,英国进入全胜时代。苏格兰对大英帝国的崛起自然也是功不可没,改良蒸汽机的瓦特和揭示“看不见的手”、倡导自由主义市场的亚当·斯密都是苏格兰人。

历史上,苏格兰的高地民族就以桀骜不驯而闻名,他们始终不喜欢英格兰人,不喜欢自己被说成是英国人,苏格兰的纸钞上也不印女王头像。正式并入英国300多年来,苏格兰人最痛恨的就是无法平等地分享英国政治权力。苏格兰人口占英国的百分之八,经济总量占英国近一成,但英国执政党保守党在苏格兰地区只有一名议员,苏格兰人常为此愤愤不平,他们抱怨这一数字“比爱丁堡动物园里的熊猫(两只)还少”。

从被英格兰人斩首分尸的民族英雄威廉·华莱士,到今天推动第二次独立公投的苏格兰民族党党魁斯特金,民族主义思潮激荡起苏格兰一次次独立运动。

苏格兰人与英格兰征服者的恩怨情仇剪不断理还乱,经济因素更是掺杂其中。北海油田的开发让苏格兰完全可以安心做个富庶的小国,于是苏格兰人喊出了“那是我们的石油!”英国要“脱欧”,而苏格兰的“留欧派”更多,于是苏格兰人摆出讨价还价的姿态——“你们要‘脱欧’,我们就‘脱英’!”

其实,要苏格兰人真独立也不太可能,但他们心底里就是有着那么一股叛逆劲儿。回顾历史,英国越是走下坡路,苏格兰的分离情绪也就越重。(桂涛)

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