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防范美联储缩表对我国经济的负面影响

2017-09-22 10:04:04   国际在线

美联储北京时间21日凌晨2点宣布,将从今年10月开始缩减总额高达4.5万亿美元的资产负债表,以逐步收紧货币政策。同时,美联储宣布维持目前1%至1.25%的联邦基金利率目标区间不变。

所谓美联储缩表,简单地说是指中央银行减少资产负债表规模的行为;即缩减资产负债表的规模,在资产端减少当时买来的债券和MBS,在负债端收回美元。其操作方式是美联储通过直接抛售所持债券或停止到期债券再投资的方式,直接抽离市场基础货币,实质等于变相提高利率,是更为严厉的货币紧缩政策,对流动性影响较大。其实现形式既可被动缩表,即停止或部分停止到期国债和MBS的再投资,也可主动缩表,即主动出售部分未到期所持证券。

至于美联储缩表原因,其实已很明显:一方面,美联储资产负债表规模从2008年金融危机之前不到9000亿美元已膨胀到今天的4.5万亿美元,其对GDP的占比也由6%上升到23%。这对美经济复苏带来巨大障碍,需要进行资产负债紧缩,以量化资产负债规模和提高质量,为美国经济增长减轻包袱。另一方面,美国经济总体走势有所好转,失业率也一再降低,就业保持稳定增长;但增长仍显疲态,离理想经济增速仍有相当距离,其原因与美联储过于庞大的资产负债表拖累存在一定联系;为经济发展腾挪出空间,需美联储进一步降低资产负债规模,这也是美国不得已而为之的事情。再一方面,在庞大的资产负债表环境中,降低美联储加息进程背负的越来越大的利息压力。

此次美联储资产负债表从4.5万亿美元缩减到1万亿美元,从市场抽回3万多亿美元,其对市场影响力可想而知,尤其对新兴市场经济体的负面冲击力就更大了:它将引发全球流动性呈现边际收紧,对新兴经济体增长前景将构成负面冲击,部分新兴经济体将面临资本流出、货币贬值压力加大、金融波动性上升的风险。

尽管市场人士认为我国未开放资本项目自由流动,美联储加息对中国的影响非常有限,难以引发经济基本面大幅波动,也不可能导致金融市场出现大的波动;但仍不可掉以轻心,应采取应对政策措施,做到未雨绸缪,以免造成金融经济的被动。

从当前看,美联储缩表对我国经济将带来三方面负面影响:首先,缩表后美元走强,人民币贬值。最直接的可能会造成人民币资产价格下降;就目前中国基本经济面企稳但尚未牢固的现实语境下,有可能使中国经济来之不易的发展势头放缓,甚至走弱。其次,未来美联储缩表必然会在一定程度上加重内地资金的紧张局面,而美元的走强也会对人民币造成一定的贬值压力;随着热钱逐渐退去,虚高的资产价格比如房地产等有可能将纷纷被打回“原形”,这些都会对中国经济产生不利影响;尤其对一些背负外债的企业、对外投资企业可能带来影响,对中国企业“走出去”经济战略顺利推进带来一定障碍。再次,美元走强还会加大我国外债偿还能力,虽然中国现在不是美国最大债务国。但中国持有美国国债数目还是很庞大的。据资料,截至2017年1月末,中国持有美国国债规模达1.0511万亿美元。

中国政府应对美联储缩表做好相关准备,投资者需注意做好前瞻性投资:其一,央行应及时调整货币政策,做好应对之策。其二,中国应将供给侧改革推向纵深外,提高我国企业应对世界货币紧缩能力。外贸进出口企业应审时度势,及时调整经营战略,进口企业可适当压缩经营规模,出口企业可利用人民币有可能贬值的机会顺势扩大出口规模,间接刺激我国经济增长。其三,国内广大投资者也应调整投资策略,适当增加美元投资产品。主要是密切关注汇率动态,适当减少黄金持有量,在A股投资上适当控制规模,避免盲目加仓行为,还可适当购买美元交易的QDII基金和美元现钞。

(作者:莫开伟 原标题:防范美联储缩表对我国经济的负面影响)

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