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世卫组织发表报告 确认抗生素正濒临枯竭

2017-09-21 09:57:09   国际在线

国际在线报道(中国国际广播电台记者 刘素云):总部位于日内瓦的世界卫生组织20日发布了题为《临床开发中的抗菌剂:关于抗菌剂(包括抗结核药)的临床开发分析》的报告,指出目前新抗生素的开发严重不足,难以应对日益增长的抗微生物药物耐药性所带来的威胁。

所谓抗生素耐药性,是指细菌、病毒、真菌和寄生虫等微生物对药物产生适应性,使得用于治疗相应感染的药物无法发挥效用。当微生物对多数抗生素产生耐药性时,通常被称为“超级细菌”,将严重危及人类健康。

其实,抗生素耐药性问题并不是一个新问题。世卫组织在反复呼吁防止抗生素滥用的同时,还积极鼓励新药的研发。目前令人担忧的是,新抗生素的研发严重不足。

报告指出,目前进入临床阶段的大多数药物是对现有抗生素类型的修改,只是短期解决方案。对于世卫组织确定会构成最大健康威胁的抗生素耐药感染,包括每年导致约25万人死亡的耐药结核病,潜在的治疗方案极少。据世卫组织估计,2014年,全世界共有大约48万例新发耐多药结核病,即对两种以上最强大抗结核药具有耐药性的结核病;在105个国家中发现了广泛耐药结核病,即对至少四种核心抗结核药耐药的结核病。

世卫组织全球结核病规划司司长马里奥•拉维格里昂博士指出,结核病研究严重不足,70多年来只有两种治疗耐药结核病的新抗生素进入市场。

世卫组织在报告中还确定了12种重点病原体,其中一些可引起常见感染如肺炎或尿路感染,它们对现有抗生素越来越耐药,迫切需要新的治疗药物。另外,目前正在开发中的口服抗生素也非常少,而这类药物是在医院外或资源有限环境中治疗感染的基本制剂。

世卫组织对抗生素耐药性问题一直非常关注。世卫组织基本药物司司长苏珊娜•希尔博士强调:制药公司必须加紧新抗生素的研发,特别是可以治疗在几天内就可能导致患者死亡的极其严重感染的新抗生素。

在刚刚发布的这份报告中,世卫组织确认了临床开发中的51种新抗生素和生物制剂,以治疗对抗生素耐药的重点病原体。然而,在所有这些候选药物中,世卫组织只将8种列为创新治疗药物。这将在一定程度上扩增当前的抗生素治疗储备。

不过,单有新治疗药物还不足以应对抗微生物药物耐药性带来的威胁。世卫组织还与各国和合作伙伴一道努力改善感染预防和控制,并促进妥善使用现有和未来的抗生素。此外,世卫组织正在制定一项指导方针,推动在人类、动物和农业部门负责任地使用抗生素。

世卫组织总干事谭德塞博士指出,抗微生物药物耐药性是一项全球突发卫生事件,将严重危害现代医学的进展。他说:“目前迫切需要更多地投资于对包括结核病在内的抗生素耐药感染的研究与开发,否则我们将被迫回到害怕常见感染、小手术也会导致生命危险的年代。”

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