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先进航空发动机不会只因“铼”而到来

2017-09-13 16:51:24   国际在线

9月初,一则《中国发现超级金属“铼”》的消息引起热议,称这一稀有金属能突破航空发动机研制的瓶颈。

“铼”是个什么金属,与航空发动机的关系是什么?有了“铼”,我国航空发动机就能有质的飞跃吗?9月11日,北京天骄航空产业投资有限公司创新研究院副院长、国家“千人计划”专家王光秋在接受科技日报记者采访时称,航空发动机研制是一个系统工程,不会单靠“铼”就有大的突破,其仅是增加发动机材料性能的因素之一。

稀有、高熔点、结实难开裂

先看看“铼”的前世今生。

铼,一种金属元素,是高熔点金属之一。根据业内权威的《兰氏化学手册》,铼是仅次于钨(3308摄氏度)的第二难熔金属,熔点为3180摄氏度。

百度百科查询,铼还是一个真正的稀有元素,在地壳中的含量仅仅大于镤和镭。再加上它不形成固定矿物,通常与其他金属伴生,使它成为自然界最后被发现的稀有元素。

1872年,门捷列夫根据元素周期律预言,在自然界中存在一个尚未发现的,原子量为190的“类锰”元素。直到1925年,德国化学家诺达克用光谱法在铌锰铁矿中发现了这个元素,取莱茵河称谓将其命名为“铼”。

据《兰氏化学手册》,除高熔点外,铼有极高的强度且塑形很好(俗称“既结实又难以开裂”),在高温、急速冷却和猛烈加热并带有强烈机械冲击和振动的条件下,“铼”也具备极佳的长时间工作抵御变形和开裂能力。

增加涡轮叶片合金材料性能的元素之一

涡轮叶片为现代航空发动机中一个关键部件,在发动机工作时不仅需同时承受约1600摄氏度高温、数十个大气压和以每分钟数万的转速,还要承受强大离心力的持续作用。

“如此严苛的工作条件,发动机所用材料仍需做到不能熔化,不能变形,不能断裂。而铼的一系列特性,使之成为极佳选材之一。”王光秋说,比起上一代航空发动机采用的定向结晶的普通叶片,新一代则普遍采用单晶叶片,这可增加200摄氏度左右的涡轮燃烧温度,有铼加入单晶叶片,可以增强材料各方面的性能。

铼加入单晶叶片的历史或有20年左右。但由于铼量少且提纯成本高,使其价格十分昂贵,不可能大范围用于航空发动机研制。据《南方财富网》援引美国地质调查局报告称,全球探明的铼储量仅为2500吨左右,其价格跟白金价格相仿,一克大概需要两三百块钱。另据资料显示,2010年,中国陕西某矿山勘探到176吨。

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