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书院“成人”教育理念的当代启示(大家手笔)

2017-09-08 04:21:51   中国青年网

当前,统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设已成为我国高等教育发展的战略任务。统筹推进“双一流”建设,需要对中华优秀传统文化中的教育思想进行创造性转化、创新性发展。我国古代书院的优秀传统尤其是其中的“成人”教育理念,对当今教育颇有启发意义。

“成人”教育理念源于孔子。孔子说:“若臧武仲之知, 公绰之不欲, 卞庄子之勇, 冉求之艺,文之以礼乐, 亦可以为成人矣。”这是说,“成人”应该具备智慧、德性、意志、才艺等多方面素质。孔子认为其中德性最为重要,所以他又说:“见利思义,见危授命,久要不忘平生之言,亦可以为成人矣。”这种“成人”教育理念,深刻影响着后世教育家、思想家。宋代以后各地兴起的书院,正是许多大儒努力实践“成人”教育理念的重要载体。

书院“成人”教育的突出特点是去功利化。宋代大儒朱熹曾经严厉批评当时的官学已成为学生追求功名利禄之所,仅仅培养学生在科举考试中取得成功,这种教学只会“促其嗜利苟得、冒昧无耻之心,殊非国家之所以立学教人之本意也”。曾经主持复兴岳麓书院的张栻也明确反对功利化教育,认为书院教育“岂特使子群居佚谈,但为决科利禄计乎?”他和朱熹一样主张通过创办书院恢复孔子的“成人”教育理念。古代教育家批评的功利化教育,同样存在于当代教育中。例如,片面鼓励学生以考上重点大学为唯一目标,大学只是偏重于知识技能的教育培训,使得学校教育不能突出以人为核心,不能很好地培养学生的人格、能力、综合素质,促进学生全面发展。

古代书院强调人格教育的重要性。南宋时期的《白鹿洞书院揭示》综合了早期儒家“成人之教”的教育理念,特别强调人格教育的重要性,要求学生“言忠信,行笃敬;惩忿窒欲,迁善改过”“正其义,不谋其利;明其道,不计其功”,从自我修身、待人接物等多方面对学生进行引导。南宋理学代表人物陆九渊明确反对片面的知识教育,强调读书多少并不是衡量一个人品质高下的唯一标准;读书不多的普通人,只要心地纯正,也可以成为君子。他创建象山精舍讲学,就是为了实践其教育理念。当代教育也不同程度地存在忽视人格教育的问题,出现了片面知识化、商业化的倾向。这实际上也是一个世界性问题。当今中国教育可以吸收古代书院重视人格教育的优良传统,努力实现立德树人的目标。

古代书院还将“成人之教”引向家国情怀培养。书院教育的“成人”并不是“独善其身”的自我人格完善,而是要求将自我人格的完善与家国天下的事业结合起来。史书记载:“长沙之陷,岳麓诸生,荷戈登陴,死者十九,惜乎姓名多无考。”宋末岳麓书院学生参加抗元斗争,大都壮烈牺牲,这正是“见危授命”的“成人”作为。2010年,联合国教科文组织主持召开教育面向21世纪国际研讨会,将“学会关心”作为本世纪教育的基本方向,与会专家学者希望教育学生关心他人、关心社会和国家、关心人类的生存条件,等等。这正与我国人文教育传统相呼应。可见,我国古代书院文化是21世纪人类教育的宝贵资源。我们应充分挖掘书院文化的精华,将其转化为当代大学文化的有机组成部分,积极发展中国特色大学文化。

(作者为湖南大学岳麓书院国学院院长、教授)

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