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独权之下中国音乐“被动挨打”何时休?学学国外的先进管理经验

2017-09-07 14:45:40   中国青年网

中国在线音乐市场烽烟再起,对垒的两家是腾讯与网易,双方就版权问题互相诉讼至法庭。腾讯和网易的PK并非国内个例,一定程度上代表了中国在线音乐市场现状。而放眼欧美音乐发达成熟市场,版权诉讼相关案件却甚是少见?这一切很大程度上取决于欧美国家所不同于国内的音乐版权集体管理制度。

与国内版权管理制度不同的是,国外设立了特定的著作权集体管理组织,并辅以法律法规等做有效规约和限制。音乐词曲作者、唱片公司将版权统一转移到著作权集体管理组织,委任管理。再由集体组织向音乐使用者进行集中授权许可,收取版税,并将所得版税分配给权利人。在制度规约下,公开表演权的版税成了音乐作品创作人重要的收入来源。

纵观全球,国际上的著作权集体管理机构主要有两种类型,欧洲大陆国家一般采用设立一个组织统一管理国内著作权的垄断型集体管理方式,从法律上或事实上维护其特殊地位,然后在制度上对其市场行为进行严厉限制。德、法国等欧洲国家是典型。著作权集体管理组织通常为非营利性组织,极少数为盈利性的公司。

为了避免力量分散、重复管理,提升效率,防止同业恶性竞争。以德国和法国为代表的唱片公司则是不同的处理方法。德国涉及到版权部分主要交由GEMA(德国音乐作品表演权、复制权集体管理协会)管理,法国则交由SACEM(法国作者作曲者音乐出版者协会)管理等。在这一模式下,组织成立的成立通常需接受法律、社会的公开监督,并经过政府部门许可,以避免集体管理机构滥用权力。

包含美国和英国在内的英美法系,一般采用自由竞争型的集体管理模式,一个领域内允许有两个或两个以上集体管理组织互相竞争。这一模式从制度上推崇竞争,强调集体管理组织之间以及著作权人与集体管理组织之间的竞争,同时辅之以适当的行政和司法介入。其优点是市场准入的自由,可以有效遏制获得垄断地位的组织索获取高额许可费的行为。各机构为了获得竞争优势,也往往采取最有效的运作方式,尽力获取用户、降低成本,让权利人获得更多版税收入。

上述的国外常见的两种模式具有共同的特点:音乐版权的集体管理机构均是第三方组织,客观且非以盈利为目的、以市场诉求影响版权使用者。与国内目前音乐版权市场不同的是,拥有版权而试图垄断的行为将受到严厉压制,可以严防版权管理组织利用自身优势地位、通过谋取高额许可费扰乱市场的可能。

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