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传承延续屯堡文化

2017-09-07 08:32:05   中国青年网

在鲍屯村陈列室,一块联合国教科文组织颁发给鲍屯村的亚太遗产保护“卓越奖”赫然醒目。奖牌写着:鲍家屯古水碾坊的整修项目,树立中国农业景观保护的卓越范例。

这是安顺市倾力保护的结晶,参与此项目的各个机构之间的合作与创新,为该古建筑的全面、整体整修打下基础。该整修工程始建于600年前的水利灌溉系统中的重要环节——水碾坊重新运转起来。它与有关的堤坝、灌溉渠系在一起,使水利灌溉系统恢复正常运作。调试认真和细致的整修工作,使水碾坊保持真实的历史面貌。

鲍屯的古水利工程虽历经600年沧桑,仍很好地发挥着“旱能灌,涝能排”的作用。被水利部水利史专家誉为“袖珍都江堰”。

鲍屯村村民鲍中权介绍,鲍屯古水利的设计遵循“鱼嘴进水,两腮分流,灌溉防洪,全部自流”的原则。一个“7”字形水坝,如同一个鱼头,将来水拦蓄并分流。坝分三段,中间是最高的拦水墙,左边是最矮的泄洪坝,右边是灌溉坝,坝顶开有两个缺口,称为“龙口”,高度低于防洪坝,用于控制下泄流量。泄洪坝以下是古河道,用于排洪。灌溉坝以下是人工河,以及由七道高低不同的水坝和灌溉水渠构成的灌溉系统。如今,鲍屯古水利工程仍发挥着重要作用,灌溉着村里的2300多亩良田。

对鲍屯村的保护还体现在村落建设上,这个古老村落有1100户5100多人,中心区有古老木石结构房屋281栋,古院落16个,古碉楼一座,还有防御体系内八阵建筑群,在屯堡村寨中声名显赫,被誉为“大明屯堡第一屯”。随着时代的发展,古建筑在凸显出历史厚重的同时,古老村落也面临着现实困境:人口增加,房屋老化……

更为现实的是,越来越多的屯堡人外出打工,赚了钱之后迫切希望改善家乡的居住环境,他们拿着外面楼房的图纸回来,有的村民建起“现代建筑”,铝合金门窗、外贴瓷砖的二层小楼一栋接一栋。在此过程中,一些古建筑遭到破坏。

“根据原貌进行保护、修缮,留住历史,这是关键。”安顺市建筑设计院院长封基铖说。近年来,安顺市各级有关部门向鲍家屯村投入数千万元进行新农村建设和古村落保护。在保留原有建筑风貌的同时,从建筑结构和使用功能上进行修缮,赋予其长久的生命力。

如今,修缮后的古老建筑恢复一新,成为当地靓丽的风景线。

和鲍屯村一样,屯堡村寨在现代传承上仍受到巨大冲击。20世纪80年代起,屯堡各村寨年轻人纷纷外出打拼,家中只有老人和孩子,寨子里原举行一些传统习俗活动不得不停止。“50年代前,每年春节、七月半,寨子都要跳地戏,10多年来,没有演艺过一场地戏了。”

雷屯寨地戏演唱者黄仕诚叹息地说,老祖宗流传下来的“宝贝”,要断送在他们这代人手里了。

在各屯堡村寨里,不仅地戏出现了传承之困,一拨拨外出打拼的年轻人回乡后,一栋栋古老的建筑倒下了,改建成白色水泥房。“每个寨子,至少一半以上的老房屋被毁重建。”七眼桥汪官屯一位村民说。

直到上世纪末,传承的困境才出现转机,随着安顺屯堡古村寨各种特色不断呈现在国人眼前,引来了屯堡旅游热,安顺也不断出台保护屯堡文化的措施,屯堡文化的保护传承得以不断延续。

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