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文化引领下的田园乡村复兴

2017-09-06 08:36:50   中国青年网

在我国,城市建设非常快,也取得了很大成就。在乡村建设方面,政府出台了不少新政策,也取得了不少实际效果。但从乡村风貌保护来讲,还是出现了比较大的问题。主要就是:在建设中过度强调统一性,强调一次性大规模的规划,甚至有一些地方原本的乡村很有特色,却在旁边盖起了安置房和高楼。更多的乡村因为经济发展落后和空心化,很多年轻人都进城了,出现破败凋落的状况,在一些落后地区尤其如此。这些都是亟待解决的问题。

一部分原本很有特色的乡村,因为过度商业化,比如旅游发展,在传统村落里盖起新的风貌一条街,短期内确实取得了一定的经济效益,使得旅游经济阶段性地发展起来,但长期来看,这样的做法应该反思。当然,更多乡村是没有特色的,经过多年的乡村改造后,原来能够代表这个地区文化和历史的老建筑已经所剩无多,所以现在看上去环境比较差。还有很多乡村发展工业,对乡村风貌影响也很大。

乡村建设中应该有乡土、有乡愁、有乡情。乡愁是对过去自己生活环境的一种依恋,乡情是同乡生活在这个地方,逐渐建立起来的一种互相间超越个体和家庭的情怀,这些都是在乡村建设当中应该认真考虑的,而不仅仅是考虑建筑的美观问题。

与中国大陆现在留下的一些好村落相比,日本、中国台湾地区乡村风貌还差一些。它们也经过了乡村自我更新的过程。其中,乡村改造一般分三步:

第一步,社区营造。社区营造不是造房子,而是用重建乡村文化的方法去启动乡村整治,主要是请一些社会学者进入乡村,让村民回忆自己共同的文化价值观,发掘乡村文化的特性,然后共同成立一些乡村组织、社团,来维护乡村文化。

第二步,发展特色产业。台湾乡村有的生产稻米,有的生产其他瓜果蔬菜,还有一些其他的传统手工艺。

第三步,重建乡村文化。在乡村整治当中,我们往往把风貌整治放在最前面,但带来的问题也比较明显。比如,有些看上去很漂亮的村庄,但是人气不旺,有一些建筑师设计了很好的房子,但是几年没有人用,就坏掉了。所以,硬件和软件如何能很好地搭配起来,是乡村治理当中很重要的一点。

乡村文化构建涉及四个方面因缘:地缘是村镇文化形成的自然条件,村镇的地理位置决定风貌特点;血缘是村镇文化的亲情纽带,是村镇文化的核心价值体现;业缘是村镇文化构建的导向,村镇通常发展单一的某种特色产业,使之具有规模和竞争力。由于某一产业的适宜发展会逐渐聚集人脉,衍生基本的价值观和文化判断,最终形成成熟的产业链和亲密的文化关系;情缘是熟人社会构建的核心,建立起的是一种自我认同。这些方面是乡村文化构建当中最基本的要素,对建筑设计有重要影响。

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