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遏制“首付贷”须提高房贷审核标准

2017-09-06 05:46:47   中国青年网

“首付贷”之类灰色信贷,归根到底还是因为我国房贷审核标准过于宽松,遏制“首付贷”还须提高房贷审核标准。

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去年下半年,央行等七部门出台新规,禁止房产中介提供“首付贷”。本轮房产调控,禁止“首付贷”的监管态度也被重申。然而,在北京地区,仍有房产中介违规协助提供首付贷。为了掩人耳目,还引入了合作的担保公司,并假借“信用贷”“消费贷”之名活跃在二手房交易市场。(《证券日报》9月5日)

“首付贷”“假按揭”“假流水”在房贷领域并不新鲜,这些都不符合我国信贷政策,甚至违法,但长期以来屡禁不止。“灰色信贷”具有较强的隐蔽性,监管难度大,成本高。笔者认为,追本溯源,“首付贷”之类灰色信贷,归根到底还是因为我国房贷审核标准过于宽松,遏制“首付贷”还须提高房贷审核标准。

高房价剥夺了中低收入者的“住的需求”,严重碾轧了其他民生改善及消费能力,侵蚀了广大民众的“获得感”;“脱实向虚”挤压了实体经济的生存空间,导致金融风险。中财办的官员明确列出了目前可能引发系统性风险的五大“灰犀牛”,包括影子银行、房地产泡沫、国企债务杠杆、地方债务以及非法集资的问题。其中,影子银行也有房地产的鬼魅身影。

从世界金融风险史来看,房地产是重要的风险来源点之一,而房贷高杠杆率是公认的罪魁祸首,例如美国和日本的教训。房价飙升必然有房贷从中推波助澜,房贷杠杆率越高,房价就越高。有学者统计过发生金融风暴的国家,凡是房贷高杠杆率的国家必然是“爬得越高,摔得越惨”。

因此,房地产调控的一个重要手段就是降低房贷高杠杆。各地都大幅度提高首付比例,例如深圳二套房首付高达七成。首付款是银行的“安全垫”,可以有效对冲房地产资产价格下降所导致的信贷风险。当前,表面上看,各地的房贷政策都收得很紧,但从深圳、北京等地的报道来看,“首付贷”“零首付”等灰色信贷依然暗流涌动,有可能导致房贷风险更加隐蔽、更不可控。

央行等金融监管部门和负有调控房地产直接责任的地方政府早已经关注到灰色信贷,并采取了一系列严厉打击措施。但由于隐蔽性强、识别难度大、监管成本高等原因,效果不太理想。虽然有规定这类信用贷、房抵贷的钱只能用来经营和消费,不能用于购房,但银行很难确定贷款人的贷款用途,灰色信贷屡禁不止。

灰色信贷的“七寸”在最终的房贷资格审核。我国房贷审核对借贷人的偿还能力和意愿过于宽松,例如仅仅依靠收入证明、银行流水、央行的个人征信记录,这些都是很粗的审核标准,并不能真实、全面反映借贷人的偿还能力和意愿,况且,当前银行流水、收入证明的造假空间太大、合法化成本太低。例如,通过消费贷的钱,分成银行要求的月份做流水就能轻松蒙混过关。

次贷危机之后,美国吸取了教训,银行收紧了房贷的审核标准,想得到房贷是一件十分不容易的事情。银行需要严格审核贷款人偿付房贷的能力和偿付房贷意愿。前者贷款人要用文件证明其纳税收入,财产和房租支出等财务状况。后者要查贷款人的信用分数。银行最重要的是审核贷款人的报税资料。在报税资料之外,银行还可能要求会计师对小生意贷款人作出财务报告。

房贷审核标准太粗且缺乏刚性约束,给了首付贷等灰色信贷的生存空间。监管部门只有出台相关规制政策,切实提高房贷审核标准,才能真正遏制首付贷。

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