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“紫竹院”之名源于何时

2017-09-05 19:01:52   中国青年网

紫竹院公园内书有园名的石碑

紫竹院公园内书有园名的石碑

紫竹院公园是北京市属十大公园之一,园内呈三湖两岛一堤的基本格局。长河穿园而过,风景秀美,紫竹院公园是许多人闲暇时常去的乐园之一。北京其他的著名公园之名都有其由来:颐和园是慈禧太后重建的清漪园,因其作为自己颐养天年的地方,取“颐养冲和”之意;陶然亭公园之名来源于“更待菊黄家酿熟,与君一醉一陶然”的诗句。紫竹院之名因何而来,特别是命中的“紫竹”二字,又是从何时而来?本文将一探究竟。

近年来,有不少媒体以《紫竹院得名原来是个误会》为名,介绍紫竹院的来历:清乾隆十六年至二十六年(1751~1761)时,清高宗弘历为其母亲崇庆太后(即孝庄圣后)庆祝六旬及七旬寿,为满足其母喜爱苏州风景的愿望,乃自万寿寺西墙外至畅春园建苏州街。长河南岸上,仿照苏州城葑门外“芦苇深处,水乡风光”之景,在这大片河滩上垒砌太湖石,遍种芦苇,取名芦花渡,俗称“小苏州芦花荡”。乾隆在修建小芦花荡时,建“紫竹禅院”,并在“紫竹禅院”的西侧建“福荫紫竹院”行宫。作为帝后乘船游颐和园中途休息之处,两岸因此日渐繁华。当时此处并无紫竹,由于这里的芦苇移自江南,故而名叫“马尾兼”,北京俗称为“江南铁竿狄”,此处的芦苇比卢沟桥西所产的“铁竿狄”还坚硬数倍。每到秋末冬初,苇秆经霜后呈现出紫黑的颜色。放眼望去,宛如一片茂盛的紫竹林,紫竹院的地名遂由此诞生。

这个故事告诉我们,“紫竹”二字之源于乾隆年间“芦花渡”的芦苇,源于人们的视觉误差。《中国名胜大辞典》、《北京名胜词典》都有这一版本的介绍,《紫竹院公园志》沿用了此说,那紫竹院得名真的是源于乾隆时期的视觉“误会”吗?

让我们根据历史的记载,一步步地往上探寻。其实,关于“紫竹”之说,在乾隆之前,就有记载。清初大臣王熙曾作过一首名为《紫竹院》的诗:“紫竹禅关迴,虚亭老树前。槛低花影静,林密鸟声传。钟梵闲清昼,池塘遍野泉。夕阳楼影下,归骑破春烟。”可见“紫竹院”名称来源要早于乾隆时期。王熙(1628-1703),字子雍,顺天宛平人,是顺治四年进士。作为宛平人的王熙熟悉京城的山水风景,无论此诗作于何时,“紫竹禅院”的称谓都应早于乾隆建芦花渡的时代。

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