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芝加哥大学 资料图片
学科交叉是当今世界学术主流发展方向之一,它是科学前沿的生长点,也是新发现的高产地,能促成多学科协同攻克复杂的综合性问题,满足国家和社会发展的现实需求。目前,我国已经意识到学科交叉的重要性,诸多高校将其列为教学改革的重点项目。事实上,学科交叉并非新生事物,自19世纪30年代起,美国学界就曾多次出现学科交叉的浪潮。当时,芝加哥大学顺应时势,颇有远见地创立了一系列促进学科交叉的政策,对美国高等教育界产生了深远影响,该理念也作为指导性思想之一贯穿芝大发展史,至今仍如此。
不断调整和改革以强化学科交叉
芝加哥大学1890年建校,首任校长哈珀破除歧视,大规模聘用不同学术和文化背景的教师,提供宽松环境以鼓励相互交流和前沿研究;建校伊始,他就为芝加哥大学确定了4个功能:科学研究,重在通过学科交叉探索新的发现,创造新的知识,为丰富人类知识而努力;人才培养,重在通过开展本科和研究生教育,培养具有创新能力的人才;教育延伸,即终生教育,通过继续教育项目为社会服务;传播知识,他重视出版社,创办大量核心学术刊物,使最新成果得以在更大范围中广泛传播,启发不同学者群体的新灵感。他在石油大亨洛克菲勒的支持下还建立企业家主导的校董会和广泛的社会公关网络,募集到大量资金。这些建校初期的举措可以说为后来芝大进行的学科交叉研究在人、财、物等各个方面进行了储备。
芝加哥大学第五任校长哈钦斯就职时刚满30岁,在1929年至1950年他执掌该校的21年间,美国正值多事之秋,大萧条和战争接连而至,美国高等教育也走入歧途。当时的主流思想强调本科学生一进校门就应尽早深入专门领域的研究,而事实上高校却沦为市场导向的专业技能培训所,丧失“大学的精神”。因此,哈钦斯一上任就开始了大刀阔斧的改革,调整校内学术机构组织管理体制,促进各部门之间的学术交流。
1930年,哈钦斯将原有的39个系划为“生物科学”“人文科学”“自然科学”“社会科学”四个学部,形成了今日芝大“四大研究生院”的雏形。组织机构改革离不开配套的权力分配制度,为此,哈钦斯将预算和行政职能从校长办公室剥离,分别下放到学部和各学院。学校层面把握原则,负责统筹协调和宏观管理,而学部、院系层面则获得了更多自主权。“学部制改革”是一次成功的创举,在行政方面,它简政放权,提高学术机构运行效率,使师生充分参与管理事务,增强基层活力;在学术方面,它打破以往的学科隔阂,集群式优化学术资源,搭建综合平台以开展多学科共同参与的科研活动,尤其聚焦于学术前沿和国家发展重大问题,有效地促进了学科的交叉与融合。
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