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保护海洋雨林珊瑚礁(百家谈)

2017-09-05 04:16:46   中国青年网

珊瑚礁对地球非常重要,全球有5亿人直接依赖于珊瑚礁生态系统生活。同时,作为海洋中的热带雨林,珊瑚礁生态系统所占的海洋面积不到0.2%,却为超过30%的海洋生物提供栖息地和家园,有近33%的鱼类栖息在此,是大量海洋生物的栖息地和育幼所。

但如今珊瑚礁面临着各种威胁,一是大气二氧化碳 浓度升高,二氧化碳进入大气,引起全球升温,海洋酸化,给珊瑚礁带来伤害;二是沿岸开发、污染、富营养化等,造成珊瑚礁退化、覆盖率减少甚至毁灭;三是台风、海啸等短时、急性的因素也会对珊瑚礁造成暂时的破坏,但这种情况也易于珊瑚恢复。

目前,全球超过20%的珊瑚礁被彻底破坏,24%处于危险状态,26%将遭到破坏。

中国珊瑚礁面积尚无统一的说法,大致为3.8万多平方公里,约占世界珊瑚礁总面积10%以上。

我国对珊瑚礁实施多项保护,在立法上,写进了《中华人民共和国环境保护法》《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》《中华人民共和国水生野生动物保护实施条例》《生物多样性公约》等法律中;在设立保护区方面,1983年建立了广东省级大亚湾水产资源自然保护区,1990年建立了国家级海南三亚珊瑚礁自然保护区,1998年建立了省级福建东山珊瑚自然保护区,2007年建立了国家级徐闻珊瑚礁自然保护区。

目前,我国珊瑚礁保护主要分为管理的方法(软的、被动的)和生态修复与恢复的方法(硬的、主动的)。但建立保护区的管理办法最多只能减少珊瑚礁退化的速度,还需要进一步在软的方面加强研究,如保护区规划设计与联网、监测评价技术与补偿机制、有效保护管理、可持续机制等。

今后,保护珊瑚礁工作还有很多事情要做,比如继续加大珊瑚礁生态的保护与修复力度,开展珊瑚礁生态环境现状调查与评估,建立珊瑚礁生态系统基础信息数据库工程,构建以珊瑚礁为主的典型海洋保护区网络,实施珊瑚礁生态修复工程,加速珊瑚礁生态系统的恢复。

(作者为中国科学院南海海洋研究所研究员)

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