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《中华人民共和国核安全法》出炉 如何构建“绝对安全”防线

2017-09-02 09:06:38   央广网

全国人大常委会法工委国家法室副主任童卫东将法案亮点总结为四个“严”,严格的标准、严密的制度、严格的监管、严厉的处罚。也就是说,这部法要实现的目标就是“绝对安全”。所谓严格的标准,就是要保证从高从严,要根据科技进步和经济社会发展,不断提高核安全标准,保障不能发生核事故。严密的制度则是指,对核设施的选址、设计、建造、运行和核材料,以及相关放射性废物实行全过程、全链条的监管和风险防控,不留死角,不留空白,“对核设施的选址、建造、运行、退役每一个环节都有许可,一步一个许可,一步一个门槛。对核材料也明确了,持有核材料要经过许可,持有核材料要有衡算制度和实物保护制度,不能让核材料被盗、破坏、丢失,也不能非法使用,实行非常严格的监管。”

童卫东透露,在对放射性废物的处理处置问题上,地方建核电站都有积极性,但是对建设放射性废物处置设施都不是太积极,处置设施还跟不上。所以,这次立法明确放射性废物的处置场所的建设要与核能发展相适应,不能滞后。同时对放射性废物的处理、贮存以及最后的处置都做了规定,提出了要求,“对核材料和放射性废物的运输也提出了要求,在运输中发生事故也是核事故,也有安全问题,也提出了要求。另外,对核事故要有应急预案、应急准备、应急响应等制度。”

制度再好,落实不好也是白搭,只有严格的监管才能真正保障核安全,这是第三个“严”。最后一个“严”是严厉的处罚。其中,仅法律责任就17条,罚款最高罚到500万,还有一些包括停止建设、停产整顿这样的“行为罚”。

童卫东表示:“对于企业的主管人员和直接责任人员也设定了罚款,罚个人收入和工资。明确了一旦发生核事故,核设施运营单位是唯一的责任主体,采用的是无过错责任,不管有没有过错,只要发生了核事故都要承担赔偿责任。”

核损害怎么赔偿?答案是,有国家对企业的强制保险制度。同时,国家也会有兜底责任。童卫东介绍:“核设施营运单位应该通过投保责任保险、参加互助机制等方式,做出适当的财务保证安排。投保责任保险实际上就是一个强制性保险,现在在核电厂建设、运营之前,首先要投保一个责任保险,当然,现在投保的责任保险保额比较低,现在核电要投保额是3亿,可能还需要调整。”

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