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秋冬季有哪些常见传染病?如何预防?

2017-09-01 06:45:53   中国青年网

秋冬季气温变化较大,随着时间的推移,天气变冷、气候干燥,传染病的高发季节随之到来。余杭区疾病预防控制中心负责人告诉小记者及市民朋友,我区秋冬季常见传染病有手足口病、流感、流行性腮腺炎、水痘、风疹、麻疹、甲型肝炎等。所以广大市民都要充分认识传染病对身体健康的危害,轻者影响学习和生活,重者可留下后遗症甚至死亡。

常见的秋冬季常见病有以下几种:

1、 手足口病:手足口病是由肠道病毒引起的传染病,多发生于5岁以下的婴幼儿,通过人群密切接触传播为主,可引起小儿手、足、口腔以及臀部等部位的疱疹,个别患者可引起心肌炎、肺水肿、无菌性脑膜炎等并发症。

2、流行性感冒(简称流感):是由流感病毒引起的急性发热性呼吸道传染病,通过空气飞沫传播,具有高度的传染性。流感不同于普通感冒。本病好发于冬季,人群普遍易感。由于流感是病毒性传染病,没有特效的治疗手段,因此预防措施非常重要。

3、甲型H1N1流感:为急性呼吸道传染病,其病原体是一种新型的甲型H1N1流感病毒,早期被称为猪流感。人群普遍易感,并可以人传染人,人感染甲流后的早期症状 与普通流感相似,包括发热、咳嗽、喉痛、身体疼痛、头痛、发冷和疲劳等,有些还会出现腹泻或呕吐、肌肉痛或疲倦、眼睛发红等。最明显症状是,体温突然超过39 度, 肌肉酸痛感明显增强,伴随有眩晕、头疼、腹泻、呕吐等症状或其中部分症状。如果个体身体素质不是很好,加上自身免疫力低的话,患者一旦感染,会直接引发很多并发症,甚至于危及生命。

4、流行性腮腺炎:本地俗称“猪头疯”,是腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,主要发生于儿童或青少年,临床表现为发热和腮腺肿痛。

5、水痘:是一种常见多发的儿童传染病,由水痘-带状疱疹病毒引起,可产生反复持续的、无临床症状的潜伏感染。临床特点是皮肤黏膜出现瘙痒性水疱疹,多发生在冬末、初春季节,通过直接接触、空气飞沫传播。水痘结痂后病毒消失,接种水痘疫苗是预防这种传染病的有效措施。

6、麻疹:是由麻疹病毒引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病,以发热、咳嗽、流涕、眼结膜充血、口腔黏膜疹及全身斑丘疹为临床特征,并常可并发肺炎,而危及婴幼儿生命。

7、风疹:是由风疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。临床表现以低热、上呼吸道轻度炎症、全身散在红色斑丘疹及耳后、枕部淋巴结肿大为特征,发热后1-2 天出疹,皮疹初见于面部,可一天内布满躯干和四肢,手掌心、足心一般无疹,出疹持续1-5 天,一般3 天。多见于冬春季节,可造成流行。

8、肺炎:多由病毒、支原体、立克次体、细菌、真菌等感染引起。肺炎病原体是病毒,包括呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒等,成人最常见的病因是细菌感染。传染源:病人是传染源。传播途径:大多是通过呼吸道飞沫传染,也可通过直接接触感染。人群易感性:免疫力低下者或患慢性疾病患者如(慢性肺病,心血管疾病,肝病,糖尿,肾病, 脾切除或功能障碍,等等)以及老年人等。

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